Fig. 6

Subgroup meta-analysis of disinfection versus placebo for postoperative pain in root canal treatment (RCT) and retreatment (re-RCT) scenarios across various intervals: (a) placebo at 12 h in RCT, (b) placebo at 24–30 h in RCT, (c) placebo at 24–30 h in both RCT and re-RCT, and (d) placebo at 7 days in RCT.