Fig. 3

mRNA vaccine-induced Tfh cell responses 7 days after D2 and D3. (A) Comparison of the frequency in total cTfh cells after stimulation. (B, C) Representative gating strategies and scatterplots depicting the frequency of CD45RA-CXCR5+PD1+ acTfh cells after stimulation in circulating CD4+ T cells in the two groups at before, post-D2, and post-D3 measured by flow cytometry (B). Comparison of the frequency and normalized increases in acTfh cells (C). (D) Scatterplot of the anti-S-RBD IgG levels and normalized increases within acTfh cells by flow cytometric analysis. Data were obtained from 57 samples (40 from KTRs and 17 from HCs). A moderate but significant correlation of anti-S-RBD IgG levels with normalized increases in the acTfh cells is seen after D3. Blue lines and bars represent the medians. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01).