Table 1 Characteristics of the selected studies.
No | Authors | Years | Country | N | Age | Age category | Male (%) | Weight (kg) | Height (cm) | BMI (kg/m2) | BSA (m2) | HR (bpm) | SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | LVEDVI (ml/m2) | LVEF (%) | LVMI (gr/m2) | LAVI (mL/m2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Khoo et al. | 2013 | Canada, USA | 14 | 7 ± 5 (1–14) days | Neonate | – | – | – | – | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 131 ± 12 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
13 | 5.2 ± 2.9 (2.3–10.3) months | Infant | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 139 ± 20 | ||||||||||||||
12 | 4.0 ± 0.6 y (3.3–4.7) y | Children | 0.70 ± 0.05 | 95 ± 16 | ||||||||||||||
12 | 4.7 ± 1.3 y (1.6–5.5) y | Children | 0.79 ± 0.16 | 91 ± 12 | ||||||||||||||
2 | Kutty et al. | 2013 | USA | 24 | 0.2 ± 0.2 y ≤ 1 y | Infant | 46 | 4.8 ± 2.1 | 56.4 ± 7.2 | 14.6 ± 2.7 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 144.3 ± 14.1 | – | – | – | 68.5 ± 5.5 | – | – |
21 | 3.4 ± 1.1y (1–5) y | Children | 57 | 17.2 ± 6.8 | 99.5 ± 10.8 | 16.9 ± 4.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 106.2 ± 16.9 | 68.1 ± 3.8 | |||||||||
29 | 7.0 ± 1.3 (5–10) y | Children | 62 | 26.6 ± 9.8 | 120.8 ± 10.8 | 18.1 ± 5.5 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 81.8 ± 10.6 | 67.4 ± 4.8 | |||||||||
45 | 12.6 ± 1.4 y (10–15) y | Children | 71 | 50.9 ± 16.0 | 157.1 ± 11.8 | 20.4 ± 5.5 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 75.7 ± 14.8 | 64.7 ± 3.5 | |||||||||
3 | Mahfouz et al. | 2015 | Egypt | 60 | 11.8 ± 4.1 y (6–18) y | Children | – | – | – | 17.9 ± 2.9 | – | – | 105 ± 10 | 65 ± 7 | – | 75 ± 11 | – | 29.2 ± 5.4 |
4 | D’Ascenzi et al. | 2016 | Italy | 37 | 10.2 ± 0.2 y | Children | 100 | 41.5 ± 12.0 | 142.2 ± 8.3 | – | 1.27 ± 0.20 | 77 ± 12 | 104 ± 12 | 66 ± 8 | – | – | – | 16.2 ± 2.4 |
5 | Kang et al. | 2018 | Republic of Korea | 20 | 7.1 ± 2.2 y | Children | 45 | – | – | – | 0.90 ± 0.23 | 89 ± 21 | 111 ± 5 | 66 ± 3 | – | 66.5 ± 6.1 | 70.4 ± 13.7 | 34.5 ± 10.5 |
6 | Cantinotti et al. | 2019 | Italy | 141 378 200 | 2–5 y 5–11 y 11–18 y | Children Children Children | 52.5 54.5 53.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
7 | Sabatino et al. | 2019 | UK | 45 | 10.4 ± 4.7 y (0–17) | Children | 40 | – | – | – | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 85 ± 15 | – | – | – | 60 ± 4 | – | 17.7 ± 4.9 |
8 | Jimbo et al. | 2020 | Japan | 112 | 13 y (IQR:10–14) (6–16) | Children | 46.4 | 42.5 ± 12.7 | 153.9 (IQR: 140.2–162.4) | – | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 69.0 ± 11.8 | 107.6 ± 10.2 | 61.2 ± 7.8 | – | 79.0 ± 5.3 | – | 25.4 ± 3.9 |
9 | Ifuku et al. | 2021 | Japan | 15 | 9.6 (5.3–14.5) y | Children | 73.3 | 30.0 (15.2–55.1) | 130 (100–166) | 16.7 ± 2.0 | 1.04 (0.65–1.61) | 68.4 ± 12.2 | 97 ± 8 | 56 ± 12 | 58.5 (53.7–63.3) | 65.5 ± 4.6 | 64.2 ± 11.5 | 21.3 ± 4.1 |
10 | Matsubara | 2022 | USA | 60 | 11.5 ± 3.9 y | Children | 55 | – | – | – | – | 76 ± 15 | 111 ± 11 | 62 ± 8 | – | 65 ± 4 | – | – |
11 | Aristizábal-Duque et al. | 2022 | Spain | For LA strains: 156 For pLASr, pLAScd: 153 For pLASct: 152 | 11 ± 3 y (6–17) | Children | 50 | 38 ± 13 | 142 ± 16 | 18 ± 2.7 | 1.2 ± 0.27 | – | 108 ± 10 | – | 49.5 ± 8.4 | 65 ± 4 | 58.6 ± 15.2 | 17.3 ± 4.6 |
12 | Chang et al. | 2022 | Taiwan | 29 | 5.9 ± 0.6 y (5–6) | Children | 59 | – | – | – | 0.81 ± 0.10 | 91.8 ± 14.5 | 100.7 ± 9.6 | 65.2 ± 7.2 | – | – | – | – |
13 | Ficial et al. | 2022 | Italy | 30 | 24.0 ± 0.4 h | Neonates | 43.7 | 3.224 ± 0.412 | – | – | – | 125 ± 17 | 74 ± 5 | 34 ± 3 | – | 57.9 ± 4.6 | – | – |
14 | Minocha et al. | 2022 | USA | 11 | 15 y (IQR:10–17) | Children | 36.4 | 52 (IQR:47.7–64) | 162 (IQR:154–182) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 64 (IQR:58–65) | – | – |
15 | Luo et al. | 2023 | China | 30 | 8.47 ± 3.75 y (3–14) | Children | 60 | 25.32 ± 7.63 | 124.89 ± 14.64 | 17.64 ± 4.74 | 1.08 ± 0.32 | 91.60 ± 5.01 | 100.40 ± 10.12 | 60.93 ± 5.94 | – | 71.07 ± 3.22 | – | 17.22 ± 4.24 |
16 | Chen et al. | 2023 | China | 23 | 9.42 ± 3.15 y (4–15) | Children | 86.9 | 36 (IQR:19–47) | – | – | 1.2 (IQR:0.77–1.4) | 91.57 ± 8.88 | 98.57 ± 5.88 | 68 (IQR:61–80) | – | 56 (IQR:55–60) | – | 15.99 ± 2.79 |
17 | Sabatino et al. | 2023 | Italy | 107 | 11.0 ± 4.3 y | Children | 62 | – | – | – | 1.3 ± 0.4 | – | – | – | – | 65.0 ± 5 | – | 17.7 ± 4.9 |
No | Authors | Years | Country | E/A | E/e’, (site of measurement) | Frame rate (Hz) | Vendor | Software | Probe | Gating | Views | Number of evaluated segments | Trackability (%) | Method of calculation | Measured deformation index | Disease/condition studied | Control group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Khoo et al. | 2013 | Canada, USA | 1.21 ± 0.23 1.17 ± 0.23 1.86 ± 0.43 1.80 ± 0.31 | 15 ± 5, (lateral) 11 ± 5, (lateral) 10 ± 2, (lateral) 9 ± 1, (lateral) | 102 ± 33 | GE, Vivid 7 | EchoPAC version 7.1 | – | PP | A4C | 6 segments | – | Global | LASr, LAScd, LASct, pLASRr, pLASRcd, pLASRct | Perifontan surgery | Subjects with normal physical examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography findings, no family history of cardiomyopathy |
2 | Kutty et al. | 2013 | USA | – | – | 92 ± 30 | GE, Vivid 7 | EchoPAC BT11 | – | PP | A2C, A3C, A4C | 15 segements | – | Average | LAScd, LASct | – | Inclusion criteria: normal echocardiography findings Exclusion criteria: cardiac disease, systemic diseases, hypertension |
3 | Mahfouz et al. | 2015 | Egypt | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 1.4, (average septal and lateral) | > 150 | GE, Vivid 7 | EchoPAC | 1.7/3.4 MHz | RR | A2C, A4C | 12 segments | – | Average | LASr | Obesity | Inclusion criteria: body mass index below the 85th percentile Exclusion criteria: any medical problem, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hereditary or inflammatory systemic diseases, endocrine abnormalities, disorders, cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction, sleep apnea |
4 | D’Ascenzi et al. | 2016 | Italy | – | – | – | GE, Vivid 9 | EchoPac, version 112 | M4S 1.5–4.0 MHz | RR | A2C, A4C | 12 segments | – | Average | LASr, LASct | Endurance athletes | Inclusion criteria: Sedentary boys Exclusion criteria: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, endocrine abnormalities, or family history of cardiac disease |
5 | Kang et al. | 2018 | Republic of Korea | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 1.0, (unknown) | 70 | Siemens, Acuson SC 2000 | velocity vector imaging (version 3.0, Siemens) | – | RR | A4C | 3 segments | – | Average | LASr | Kawasaki disease | Exclusion criteria: structural cardiac abnormalities |
6 | Cantinotti et al. | 2019 | Italy | – | – | – | Philips, iE33 | QLAB 9 | 5–8 Hz | RR | A4C | 7 segments | 93.9–96.5 | – | LASr, LASct | – | Exclusion criteria: Any evidence of congenital or acquired cardiac disease, neuromuscular disease, connective tissue diseases, genetic syndromes, chromosomal anomalies, obesity, drug usage, pulmonary or systemic hypertension, family history of genetic cardiac diseases, non-Caucasian subjects |
7 | Sabatino et al. | 2019 | UK | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 1.2, (average septal and lateral) | 50–80 | Philips, iE33 | TomTec 2-D (Cardiac Performance Analysis version 1.2.1.2) | S5-1, S8-3, S12-4 | RR | A4C | – | – | – | LASr, pLASRr | Hypertrophic or restrictive or dilated cardiomyopathy | Exclusion criteria: drug usage, abnormal cardiac evaluation, electrocardiography, echocardiogram |
8 | Jimbo et al. | 2020 | Japan | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 1.3, (lateral) | 93.5 ± 21 | CANON | 2D Cardiac Performance Analysis, TomTec Imaging system | 2.5–5 MHz | PP | A4C | 3 segments | 80 | Global | LASr, LAScd, LASct, pLASRr, pLASRcd, pLASRct | – | Children without cardiac disease in history and physical examinations |
9 | Ifuku et al. | 2021 | Japan | 2.4 (1.7–3.4) | 5.9 ± 1.2, (average septal and lateral) | 70–95 | GE, E90 | EchoPAC 113 1.0 | M5S or 6 S | PP | A2C, A4C | 12 segments | – | Global | LASr, LAScd, LASct | Diabetets mellietus Type 1 | Healthy children |
10 | Matsubara | 2022 | USA | – | 6.5 ± 1.4, (average septal and lateral) | 54 ± 6 | Philips, Affiniti 70 C or EPIQ CVx | 2D CPA 1.3.0.91; TomTec Imaging Systems | – | RR | A4C | – | – | Global | LASr | Multisystem inflammatory syndrome | Healthy children |
11 | Aristizábal-Duque et al. | 2022 | Spain | 1.9 (IQR:1.6–2.1) | 6.4 ± 1.1 (unkown) | > 60 | Philips, iE33 | QLAB 13 (TOMTEC auto-strain software) | S5-1 | RR | A4C | 6 segments | 98.1–97.4 | Global | LASr, LAScd, LASct | – | Exclusion criteria: cardiopulmonary or systemic or, congenital diseases, family history of sudden cardiac death or cardiomyopathy |
12 | Chang et al. | 2022 | Taiwan | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 7.2 ± 1.2, (average medial and lateral) | 78.1 ± 3.1 | GE | EchoPAC version 10.8 | 2-4 MHz | RR | A4C | 6 segments | – | Average | LASr | Preterms | Exclusion criteria: chromosomal abnormalities, congenital cardiac or pulmonary diseases, and neuromuscular diseases |
13 | Ficial et al. | 2022 | Italy | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 8.2 ± 2.0, (average medial and lateral) | 100–130 | Philips, EPIQ | Tomtec Arena, version TTA2 41.00 | 12 MHz | RR | A4C, A2C | – | – | – | LASr, LAScd, LASct | preterms | Exclusion criteria: supplemental oxygen requirement, respiratory support, need for inotropes or vasopressors, intrauterine infection, sepsis, congenital anomalies, congenital cardiac disease except for patent foramen ovale, small or large for gestational age, intrauterine growth retardation, pulmonary hypertension, neonates of diabetic mothers |
14 | Minocha et al. | 2022 | USA | – | – | – | Philips Affinity, Philips ie33, Philips Lumify, or the Siemens Acuson | TOMTEC Imaging Systems Image‑Arena | – | RR | A4C | 6 segment | – | Average | LASr | Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome | Children with normal hearts |
15 | Luo et al. | 2023 | China | 1.66 ± 0.30 | 7.70 ± 0.76, (septal) | – | Philips, EPIQ 7 | – | – | RR | A4C, A2C | 12 segments | – | – | LASr, LAScd, LASct, pLASRr, pLASRcd, pLASRct | – | Healthy children |
16 | Chen et al. | 2023 | China | 1.57 (IQR:1.49–1.63) | – | – | GE, E9 | EchoPAC 204 | M5S | RR | A4C, A2C | – | – | Global | LASr, LAScd, LASct | – | Healthy children |
17 | Sabatino et al. | 2023 | Italy | 1.8 ± 0.51 | 6.2 ± 1.3, (unkown) | – | GE, Vivid E9 | EchoPac 202 | – | RR | A4C, A2C | 12 segments | – | Global | LASr | Coronavirus disease-19 | Children with no drug usage and normal electrocardiography and echocardiography |
