Table 13 Statistical results of 30 independent runs of the gear train design optimization problem.

CEAHA (proposed)

43

19

16

49

2.700857E−12

9.49329054E−12

2.30781573E−11

9.77016762E−12

SNS⁹³

43

19

16

49

2.700857E−12

1.68012E−10

1.36165E−09

3.74894E−10

GEA⁹⁵

43

16

19

49

2.700857E−12

3.392666E−10

9.92E−10

4.9E−10

ABC⁹⁵

43

19

16

49

2.700857E−12

5.313982E−11

2.828166E−10

1.4E−9

RCGA⁹⁵

43

19

16

49

2.700857E−12

1.2453314E−6

5.802142E−6

4.3E−6

BBO⁹⁵

51

15

26

53

2.307816E−11

7.099246E−8

1.990372E−7

8.2E−7

GA⁹³

49

19

16

43

2.7009E−12

1.6212E−09

1.5249E−08

3.2174E−09

PSO⁹³

34

13

20

53

2.3078E−11

7.9383E−09

1.0222E−06

1.8147E−07

SSA⁹³

–

–

–

–

2.7009E−12

1.9822E−09

2.7265E−08

4.5748E−09

WOA⁹³

–

–

–

–

2.7009E−12

9.6633E−10

6.5123E−09

1.1296E−10

LAA⁹⁸

39.4455

16.3337

12.002

34.4457

1.5049E−24

–

–

–