Table 4 Range of gains in proposed and other controllers.

From: Performance analysis of DC-DC Buck converter with innovative multi-stage PIDn(1+PD) controller using GEO algorithm

Gains

KP

KI

KD

N

KPP

KDD

Lower limit (min)

0

0

0

0.01

0

0

Upper limit (max)

50

50

50

500

50

50