Table 1 Baseline characteristics of studies assessing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome at altitude worldwide (n=28).

From: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components according to altitude levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author	Country	Altitude level	Sample size	Type of inhabitant	General characteristics			Continent	Definition of MetS	Prevalence of MetS (%)						Quality score (Max. 9)
Author	Country	Altitude level	Sample size	Type of inhabitant	Age (mean ± SD years or median (IQR))	Female (%)	Urban (%)	Continent	Definition of MetS	Total	Abdominal perimeter (%)	High level of trigliceridos (%)	Alteration of blood glucose (%)	Blood pressure (%)	Low HDL (%)
Baldeón et al.⁴⁴	Ecuador	2800	1997	N	65.9 (5.3)	72.06	100	America	LAC-HTA-D_MS	43.42	89.41		10.35			Low risk
Baracco et al.³³	Peru	4100	99	N	67.4 (5.8)	63.64	0	America	NCEP-ATP III	24.24	40.40	56.56	14.14	18.18	30.3	Low risk
Chimbo-Yunga et al., ⁴⁷	Ecuador	2560	387	R	72.8 (7.5)	25.02	100	America	NCEP-ATP III	59.95	47.30	38.20	15.80	59.40	74.7	Low risk
Díaz-Cisneros et al.⁵⁰	Mexico	2045	477	R	20 - 60	56.00	NM	America	NCEP-ATP III	29.55						Low risk
Echavarría-Pinto et al., ⁵¹	Mexico	1920	73	N	20 - 39	57.53	NM	America	NCEP-ATP III	45.20						Low risk
Pérez-Galarza et al., ¹⁶	Ecuador	> 1500	4127	R		64.6	NM	America	IDF	29.54	18.66	9.33	3.12	5.23	17.28	Low risk
González-Chávez et al., ⁵⁹	Mexico	2240	189	R	38.6 (13.2)	66.00	NM	America	NCEP-ATP III. IDF. OMS	41.74						Low risk
Herrera-Enriquez and Narvaez-Guerra et al., ³⁴	Perú	3635	237	N		53.59	NM	America	NCEP-ATP III	28.69	24.05	22.78	12.66	22.36	26.58	Low risk
Herrera-Enriquez and Narvaez-Guerra et al., ³⁴	Perú	3635	237	N		53.59	NM	America	IDF	37.97	37.97	26.58	15.19	20.67	33.75	Low risk
Huang et al., ¹²	China	2060–3820	5053	N	41.8 (13.6)	56.04	100	Asia	CDS	3.6	31.6	8.95	4.8	29.7		Low risk
Hurtado – Arestegui et al., ⁴⁸	Bolivia y Perú	3640–4500	168	R	50.58 (5.79)	52.38	100	America	HMS	27.38						Low risk
Juna et al., ⁵⁷	Ecuador	> 2000	2252	R		65.29	NM	America	NCEP-ATP III	11.23						Low risk
Kapil et al., ⁵⁵	India	2084	979	N		64.04	NM	Asia	IND-DF	28.60	28.60	12.15	18.18	23.19	24.0	Low risk
Lin et al., ⁵⁴	India	3505	149	R	54.7 (16.7)	68.46	NM	Asia	AHA/NHLBI	26.17	13.42	64.43		45.07		Low risk
Lopez-Pascual et al., ³⁸	Ecuador	2758–2787	108	R	20.26 (2.63)	45.40	NM	America	IDF-AHA/NHLBI	4.63	81.48	10	4.63	6.48		Low risk
Matsubayashi et al., ⁴¹	China	3000–3300	393	N	66.7 (5.1)	52.93	0	Asia	ECC-MS	8.40	66.18		10.47	51.40		Low risk
Medina-Lezama et al., ³⁷	Perú	2335	1878	R	34.24 (8.08)	53.83	0	America	AHA/NHLBI	18.80	81.48					Low risk
Mejía et al., ³²	Peru	4100	1198	R	34 (20-67)	7.42	NM	America	IDF	33.30						Low risk
Miele et al., ³⁵	Peru	3825	954	R	55.3 (12.3)	51.63	NM	America	AHA/NHLBI. ATP III. IDF. WHO. HC. ECS. JOS	50.04	62.20	18.70	7.40	22.50	62.2	Low risk
Ninatanta-Ortiz et al., ¹¹⁷	Peru	−2750	1427	R	12.74 (0.94)	69.52	100	America	NCEP- ATP III	10.51	23.05	39.80	0.84	2.24	0.55	Low risk
Orces and Gavilanez ⁴⁶	Ecuador	> 2000	2298	R	71.6 (8.1)	54.69	29.9	America	JIS	57.43						Low risk
Porchia et al., ⁴⁹	Mexico	2135	433	R		56.35	NM	America	HMS	62.12						Low risk
Reyes Jiménez et al.⁵²	Mexico	2240	770	R	18 - 65	60.00	NM	America	NCEP-ATP III	52.59						Low risk
Salazar-Lugo et al.⁴⁵	Ecuador	2200	233	R	47.40 (12.99)	53.20	100	America	IDF	34.33	63.29					Low risk
Sanchez-Samaniego et al. ³⁹	Peru	1900–3900	385	N		61.04	NM	America	JIS	21.3						Low risk
Sherpa et al.⁵⁸	China	3700	692	N		54.19	0	Asia	IDF	8.24	41.90	7.66	57.51	36.98	3.90	Low risk
Thakur et al.⁵⁶	India	1970	81	N	38.2 (9.9)	37.29	56	Asia	IDF	63.56	95	100		100		Low risk
Thakur et al.⁵⁶	India	1970	81	N	38.2 (9.9)	37.29	56	Asia	NCEP-ATP III	68.64	64.41			100		Low risk
Peng et al.⁴²	China	> 4000	920	N		54.46	NM	Asia	NCEP-ATP III	32.83	62.06	11.85	8.26	36.74	83.69	Low risk
Peng et al.⁴³	China	2800	920	R	43.2 (13.9)	54.46	NM	Asia	NCEP-ATP III	31.19	55.76				86.3	Low risk

NR: Not reported, R: Residente, N: Native, NM: not mentioned, HDL: high density lipoproteins, IDF: International Diabetes Federation, NCEP-ATP III: National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III, ECC-MS: Examination Committee of Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome (Japan), AHA/NHLBI : American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, JIS: Joint Interim Statement, CDS: Chinese Diabetes Society, HMS: Harmonizing the metabolic síndrome, LAC-HTA-D_MS: Latin American Consensus on the management of hypertension in the patient with diabetes and the metabolic síndrome, IND-DF: Indian Diabetic Federation, WHO: World Health Organization, HC: Health Canada, ECS: European Cardiovascular Societies, JOS: Japanese Obesity Society, CTF: Cooperative Task Force.

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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of studies assessing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome at altitude worldwide (n=28).

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