Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the training and validation cohorts.
From: AI derived ECG global longitudinal strain compared to echocardiographic measurements
Training cohort 1 | Training cohort 2 | Training cohort 3 | Training cohort 4 | p value (Training Cohort 1–4) | Training cohort (total) | Validation cohort | p value (Training vs. Validation) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
STRATS-AHF (Hospital A) | ARNI cohort (Initial) | ARNI cohort (Follow-up) | Three-chamber strain cohort | Hospital A (Total) | Hospital B (STRATS-AHF) | |||
(N = 1,528) | (N = 343) | (N = 334) | (N = 677) | (N = 2,882) | (N = 1,186) | |||
Age (years) | 72.3 ± 13.1 | 64.6 ± 13.7 | 64.8 ± 14.1 | 68.4 ± 14.4 | < 0.001 | 69.6 ± 13.9 | 69.0 ± 14.8 | 0.246 |
Male sex | 763 (49.9%) | 252 (73.5%) | 244 (73.1%) | 403 (59.5%) | < 0.001 | 1662 (57.7%) | 681 (57.4%) | 0.912 |
SBP (mmHg) | 133.4 ± 29.1 | 119.1 ± 18.0 | 118.4 ± 17.4 | 128.2 ± 18.8 | < 0.001 | 128.8 ± 25.3 | 129.0 ± 27.4 | 0.826 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.8 ± 18.6 | 71.7 ± 13.9 | 71.2 ± 3.1 | 73.7 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 | 73.8 ± 16.3 | 75.9 ± 16.6 | < 0.001 |
DM | 587 (38.4%) | 118 (34.4%) | 114 (34.1%) | 158 (23.3%) | < 0.001 | 977 (33.9%) | 346 (29.2%) | 0.004 |
HTN | 1049 (68.7%) | 110 (32.1%) | 108 (32.3%) | 271 (40.0%) | < 0.001 | 1538 (53.4%) | 522 (44.0%) | < 0.001 |
Prior HF | 450 (29.5%) | 343 (100.0%) | 334 (100.0%) | 225 (33.2%) | < 0.001 | 1352 (46.9%) | 812 (68.5%) | < 0.001 |
Prior CAD | 523 (34.2%) | 114 (33.2%) | 108 (32.3%) | 196 (29.0%) | 0.111 | 941 (32.7%) | 305 (25.7%) | < 0.001 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 27.6 ± 18.0 | 22.3 ± 12.7 | 22.2 ± 12.6 | 20.6 ± 13.3 | < 0.001 | 24.7 ± 16.1 | 26.1 ± 17.0 | 0.023 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.6 ± 1.8 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 1.5 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
LVEDD (mm) | 53.0 ± 9.2 | 60.5 ± 7.7 | 56.4 ± 8.8 | 48.6 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 | 53.2 ± 9.3 | 56.1 ± 9.8 | < 0.001 |
LVESD (mm) | 40.3 ± 11.3 | 51.1 ± 8.7 | 45.3 ± 10.3 | 33.4 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 | 40.5 ± 11.6 | 41.7 ± 12.3 | 0.012 |
LVEF (%) | 41.5 ± 15.8 | 27.7 ± 6.8 | 38.0 ± 11.9 | 56.7 ± 12.2 | < 0.001 | 43.0 ± 16.3 | 40.7 ± 15.4 | < 0.001 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 135.0 ± 44.2 | 140.5 ± 37.8 | 124.6 ± 35.1 | 104.8 ± 35.3 | < 0.001 | 127.2 ± 42.6 | 126.6 ± 42.3 | 0.679 |
LA diameter (mm) | 43.7 ± 8.9 | 44.2 ± 7.8 | 41.8 ± 8.6 | 40.3 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 | 42.7 ± 8.7 | 48.9 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 |
LAVI (ml/m2) | 59.2 ± 32.3 | 61.6 ± 28.3 | 53.6 ± 29.1 | 46.1 ± 26.0 | < 0.001 | 55.8 ± 30.6 | 64.0 ± 53.8 | < 0.001 |
E velocity (m/s) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
E/e’ | 19.1 ± 10.8 | 18.9 ± 10.5 | 15.0 ± 9.0 | 13.0 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 | 17.1 ± 10.1 | 19.4 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
TR Vmax (m/s) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
RVSP (mmHg) | 38.6 ± 13.7 | 36.9 ± 15.0 | 31.0 ± 11.8 | 31.8 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 | 36.0 ± 13.5 | 48.6 ± 15.3 | < 0.001 |
LVGLS (%, absolute) | 10.5 ± 4.8 | 10.2 ± 3.2 | 12.8 ± 4.4 | 16.4 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 | 12.1 ± 5.2 | 10.4 ± 5.2 | < 0.001 |
Vendor | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
GE | 964 (63.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 168 (24.8%) | 1132 (51.5%) | 547 (46.2%) | ||
Philips | 167 (11.0%) | 343 (100.0%) | 334 (100.0%) | 509 (75.2%) | 676 (30.7%) | 266 (22.4%) | ||
Siemens | 392 (25.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 392 (17.8%) | 372 (31.4%) |
