Table 1 Review of materials, conditions, and parameters for the Cu²⁺ cotransport experiments.

Materials	Background solution	lonic strength (mM)	Flow rate (mL/min)	PS-max(%)	MPS-zate(mv)	quartz sand-zate(mv)
PS	/	0	4	97.3	−43.2	−35.6
PS(UV)	/	0	4	98.1	−46.9	−35.9
PS(O₃)	/	0	4	98.3	−47.3	−35.5
PS	Na⁺	1	4	78.6	−37.6	−30.6
	Na⁺	5	4	64.1	−31.3	−26.6
	Na⁺	10	4	42.4	−26.7	−22.4
PS	Ca²⁺	1	4	54.5	−33.4	−29.6
	Ca²⁺	5	4	44.6	−25.3	−22.2
	Ca²⁺	10	4	37	−20.7	−16.6
PS(UV)	Na⁺	1	4	95.5	−41.5	−30.9
	Na⁺	5	4	92.8	−35.2	−26.6
	Na⁺	10	4	88.1	−29.3	−22.9
PS(UV)	Ca²⁺	1	4	92.3	−38.3	−29.9
	Ca²⁺	5	4	87.9	−32.3	−22.6
	Ca²⁺	10	4	79.7	−26.3	−15.7
PS(O₃)	Na⁺	1	4	95.8	−42.3	−30.6
	Na⁺	5	4	92	−36.6	−26.3
	Na⁺	10	4	88.5	−31.9	−22.9
PS(O₃)	Ca²⁺	1	4	97.6	−38.6	−29.6
	Ca²⁺	5	4	90.5	−30.9	−22.6
	Ca²⁺	10	4	79.8	−26.6	−17.3
Ps + Cu²⁺	/	0	4	87	−37.6	−24.3
PS(UV) + Cu²⁺	/	0	4	94.7	−41.3	−23.6
PS(O₃) + Cu²⁺	/	0	4	94.73	−41.6	−24.6
Ps + Cu²⁺	Na⁺	1	4	67.1	−32.3	−23.6
	Na⁺	5	4	32	−26.6	−20.6
	Na⁺	10	4	7.69	−20.6	−18.3
Ps + Cu²⁺	Ca²⁺	1	4	56	−30.3	−22.6
	Ca²⁺	5	4	16	−23.6	−20.3
	Ca²⁺	10	4	7.03	−17.5	−18.3
PS(UV) + Cu²⁺	Na⁺	1	4	91.1	−36.6	−23.1
	Na⁺	5	4	85.5	−32.9	−20.9
	Na⁺	10	4	80.4	−29.3	−18.6
PS(UV) + Cu²⁺	Ca²⁺	1	4	87.9	−33.6	−21.3
	Ca²⁺	5	4	79.5	−27.3	−18.6
	Ca²⁺	10	4	40.2	−22.3	−16.3
PS(O₃) + Cu²⁺	Na⁺	1	4	94.8	−36.9	−23.6
	Na⁺	5	4	88.4	−31.6	−20.3
	Na⁺	10	4	63.1	−28.9	−16.3
PS(O₃) + Cu²⁺	Ca²⁺	1	4	90.9	−34.6	−21.3
	Ca²⁺	5	4	78.9	−27.1	−18.6
	Ca²⁺	10	4	24	−22.3	−17.6

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