Table 2 The baseline characteristics based on CDAI tertiles, weighted.

Age (years)

48.40 ± 0.29

48.38 ± 0.32

47.52 ± 0.32

0.011

Male gender, % (SE)

32.66 (0.51)

45.42 (0.65)

62.90 (0.67)

< 0.001

Race, % (SE)

< 0.001

Mexican American

8.31 (0.86)

7.77 (0.68)

7.85 (0.73)

Non-Hispanic Black

14.45 (1.04)

10.00 (0.71)

8.94 (0.61)

Non-Hispanic White

63.95 (1.75)

69.37 (1.46)

70.90 (1.28)

Other Hispanic

6.45 (0.65)

5.39 (0.49)

5.06 (0.43)

Other Races

6.84 (0.43)

7.47 (0.46)

7.25 (0.45)

Annual household income (below $20,000), % (SE)

18.39 (0.70)

11.76 (0.60)

10.38 (0.48)

< 0.001

Education level (above high school), % (SE)

50.91 (1.09)

64.38 (1.00)

70.22 (0.98)

< 0.001

Moderate physical activity, % (SE)

39.36 (0.74)

42.08 (0.84)

44.91 (1.05)

< 0.001

Smokers, % (SE)

47.46 (0.95)

43.16 (0.86)

42.20 (0.84)

< 0.001

Hypertension, % (SE)

34.84 (0.72)

32.24 (0.79)

30.22 (0.87)

< 0.001

Diabetes, % (SE)

11.22 (0.47)

10.05 (0.42)

8.38 (0.40)

< 0.001

Cardiovascular disease, % (SE)

9.89 (0.46)

8.50 (0.33)

7.06 (0.32)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

29.46 ± 0.11

29.21 ± 0.12

28.75 ± 0.12

< 0.001

WC (cm)

100.15 ± 0.26

100.12 ± 0.32

99.28 ± 0.30

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.67 ± 0.01

5.64 ± 0.01

5.60 ± 0.01

0.005

SBP (mmHg)

122.69 ± 0.32

121.75 ± 0.29

121.12 ± 0.25

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg))

69.78 ± 0.28

70.73 ± 0.24

71.00 ± 0.23

< 0.001

Total energy (kcal)

1484.10 ± 8.28

2025.45 ± 10.32

2642.22 ± 13.85

< 0.001

Carotenoids (mcg)

4004.56 ± 53.02

7992.33 ± 82.20

16058.44 ± 262.56

< 0.001

Vitamin A (mg)

320.19 ± 3.51

560.80 ± 3.79

994.21 ± 14.23

< 0.001

Vitamin E (mg)

4.83 ± 0.03

8.06 ± 0.06

14.58 ± 0.16

< 0.001

Vitamin C (mg)

39.41 ± 0.57

70.48 ± 0.84

124.96 ± 1.59

< 0.001

Selenium (mcg)

74.55 ± 0.37

108.71 ± 0.50

150.05 ± 1.00

< 0.001

Zinc (mg)

7.01 ± 0.04

10.62 ± 0.06

15.74 ± 0.12

< 0.001

Obesity, % (SE)

41.28 (0.80)

38.62 (0.82)

35.09 (0.81)

< 0.001

Abdominal obesity, % (SE)

63.75 (0.71)

59.54 (0.92)

52.09 (1.04)

< 0.001