Fig. 1

Surgery report and parkinsonian model. (a), X-ray of the final implantation of the electrode in the LHA (left), in both coronal and sagittal views with the internal landmarks AC-PC line determined via ventriculography (LV: lateral ventricle). (b), Cryostat photography of a coronal plane showing the trace and reconstruction of the electrode in the lateral hypothalamic area at -3 mm from AC at the level of OxA/Hcrt1 neurons. The framed image highlights the immunostaining of OxA/Hcrt1 neurons (scale bar = 100 μm). (c), Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining at the level of the striatum (scale bar = 2000 μm) and the substantia nigra (scale bar = 1000 μm) for a control animal and MPTP-treated animal, associated with graph showing the percent loss of TH staining in the caudate (Cd), the putamen (Pu) and the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) compared with that in a control animal. d, Design of the modified multiple sleep latency test (mMSLT) protocol with 3 consecutive 20-minute light-OFF sessions at 10:00 [1], 11:00 [2] and 12:00 [3], performed in the behavioral cage and under different conditions: stim-OFF or continuous LHA-DBS; LFS-ON (20 Hz) or HFS-ON (80 Hz). e, Example of 30 s epochs showing EEG, EOG and EMG signals during wake and sleep stages observed in this study; wake states were: active wake and quiet wake and sleep states were: light sleep stage 1 and stage 2. AC-PC line: Anterior Commissure-Posterior Commissure line, LV: Lateral Ventricle, Pu: Putamen, Cd: Caudate, SNc: Substantia nigra compacta.