Fig. 5

Mpox’s role in antiviral and proviral cell signaling regulation. (A) AP-1 signaling; Mpox activates the AP-1 signaling pathway through MAPK/MEK/ERK signaling (B14R, D3R, O1L) and c-Jun activation (B14R, B3R). Red arrows/boxes indicate proviral pathways/proteins, while green arrows/boxes highlight antiviral pathways/proteins and potential therapeutic targets. (B) NF-kB signaling; Mpox inhibits NF-kB signaling at various stages using proteins like J2L, B14R, B19R, A47R, C6R, and A52R (OPJ181), among others. (C) Apoptosis signaling; Mpox evades host apoptosis by inhibiting both extrinsic (death receptors: B12R, J2L) and intrinsic (mitochondrial: B12R, B19R, C7L) apoptotic pathways. (D) IFN signaling; Mpox counteracts the IFN pathway by inhibiting IFN induction (E9R, F3L), intercepting receptor binding (B16R, J1R), disrupting intracellular signaling (H1L, D8L), and reducing ISG expression (D11L, F3L).