Table 3 Morphological parameters of M. charantia under different water treatments.

From: Morphological and physiological responses of Momordica charantia to heavy metals and nutrient toxicity in contaminated water

Morphological parameters

CDW (mg/L)

HHWW (mg/L)

MIWW (mg/L)

LIWW (mg/L)

No. of leaves

16 ± 2 (a)

34 ± 1.4 (b)

18 ± 2 (a)

12 ± 2 (c)

Width of leaves

2.5 ± 0.1 in. (a)

2.2 ± 0.2 in. (b)

2.3 ± 0.2 in. (a)

1.9 ± 0.05 in. (c)

Colour of leaves

Green

Green

Green

Green

Length of leaves

2.5 ± 0.1 in. (a)

2.2 ± 0.2 in. (b)

2.3 ± 0.2 in. (a)

1.9 ± 0.05 in. (c)

Length of root

2.5 ± 0.1 in. (a)

1.5 ± 0.1 in. (b)

1.9 ± 0.08 in. (a)

1.2 ± 0.2 in. (c)

Length of stem

10.5 ± 0.3 in. (a)

8.5 ± 1.5 in. (b)

7.5 ± 0.2 in. (c)

5.5 ± 0.1 in. (d)

No. of branches

16 ± 2 (a)

34 ± 1.4 (b)

18 ± 2 (a)

12 ± 2 (c)

No. of flowers

12 ± 2 (a)

8 ± 2 (b)

7 ± 2 (b)

5 ± 2.6 (c)

Colour of flowers

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

Yellow

No. pollen tube

5 ± 1(a)

5 ± 1(a)

5 ± 1(a)

5 ± 1(a)

No. of ovaries

3 ± 0.5(a)

3 ± 0.5(a)

3 ± 0.5(a)

3 ± 0.5(a)

No. of tendrils

14 ± 2 (a)

10 ± 2 (b)

8 ± 2 (c)

6 ± 2 (d)

No. of fruits

0 (b)

0 (b)

2 (a)

0 (b)

  1. Different letters (a, b, c, d) denote significant differences at p < 0.05.
  2. MIWW, Marble Industry Wastewater; HHWW, Household Wastewater; LIWW, Leather Industry Wastewater; CDW, Clean Drinking Water.