Table 4 Covariates of trajectory group membership of loneliness.

From: Understanding the interplay between social isolation, age, and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic

Variable

Trajectory group (ref group = 3)

Estimate

SE

p

OR

95% CI

Constant

1

− 1.85

0.40

< .001

0.16

(0.07–0.34)

2

− 0.76

0.29

.009

0.47

(0.26–0.83)

4

− 1.05

0.36

.004

0.35

(0.17–0.71)

5

− 3.26

0.38

< .001

0.04

(0.02–0.08)

Young adulthood (18–29 vs. 39–99)

1

− 0.48

0.44

.272

0.62

(0.26–1.46)

2

− 0.81

0.42

.053

0.45

(0.20–1.01)

4

0.54

0.30

.072

1.71

(0.95–3.07)

5

0.37

0.40

.359

1.45

(0.66–3.19)

Household composition (Living alone vs. living with others)

1

− 0.58

0.32

.070

0.56

(0.30–1.05)

2

− 0.04

0.23

.847

0.96

(0.61–1.49)

4

0.48

0.21

.026

1.61

(1.06–2.45)

5

1.17

0.28

< .001

3.24

(1.86–5.63)

Adherence to public health measures limiting in-person contacts (high vs. low)

1

1.33

0.28

< .001

3.77

(2.16–6.59)

2

0.66

0.21

.002

1.93

(1.28–2.90)

4

0.11

0.30

.726

1.11

(0.62–2.01)

5

0.45

0.35

.202

1.56

(0.79–3.10)

Online social contacts (high vs. low)

1

− 0.68

0.30

.023

0.51

(0.28–0.91)

2

− 0.14

0.35

.699

0.87

(0.44–1.74)

4

0.40

0.31

.202

1.49

(0.81–2.73)

5

0.89

0.31

.005

2.43

(1.31–4.50)

Gender (woman vs. man)

1

− 0.17

0.27

.526

0.84

(0.50–1.43)

2

− 0.11

0.21

.597

0.89

(0.59–1.35)

4

0.44

0.20

.029

1.55

(1.05–2.30)

5

0.53

0.33

.102

1.70

(0.90–3.23)

  1. Trajectory groups: 1 = Very low loneliness and stable, 2 = Low loneliness and unstable, 3. = Moderate loneliness and unstable (reference group), 4 = High loneliness and stable, 5 = Very high loneliness and decreasing.
  2. SE standard error, p p value, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.
Back to article page