Table 1 Participants’ characteristics, by smoking status.

Age (Years)

52.4 (37.1, 72.0)

53.4 (37.2, 72.3)

49.7 (37.0, 69.7)

< 0.001²

Sex

< 0.001³

     Women

3,091 (53%)

2,310 (54%)

781 (49%)

     Men

2,775 (47%)

1,967 (46%)

808 (51%)

Diabetes

0.2³

     No

5,476 (93%)

3,981 (93%)

1,495 (94%)

     Yes

390 (7%)

296 (7%)

94 (6%)

Metabolic syndrome

0.038³

     No

4,493 (77%)

3,246 (76%)

1,247 (78%)

     Yes

1,373 (23%)

1,031 (24%)

342 (22%)

BMI, (kg/m2)

25.2 (19.6, 34.2)

25.5 (19.8, 34.7)

24.6 (19.2, 32.6)

< 0.001²

BMI categories

< 0.001³

     Normal

2,811 (48%)

1,954 (46%)

857 (54%)

     Overweight

2,135 (36%)

1,588 (37%)

547 (34%)

     Obese

920 (16%)

735 (17%)

185 (12%)

Creatinine, (µg/L)

1.41 (0.43, 2.86)

1.36 (0.43, 2.73)

1.55 (0.46, 3.13)

< 0.001²

TE concentrations

     Li, (µg/g)

17.4 (6.97, 103)

17.7 (7.19, 99.7)

16.5 (6.35, 131)

< 0.001²

     Be, (ng/g)

1.0 (0.4, 4.7)

1.1 (0.4, 4.6)

1.0 (0.4, 5.1)

0.030²

     Al, (µg/g)

4.18 (0.95, 20.6)

4.30 (0.96, 21.1)

3.84 (0.91, 19.6)

0.002²

     V, (µg/g)

0.12 (0.06, 0.41)

0.12 (0.06, 0.38)

0.13 (0.06, 0.47)

< 0.001²

     Cr, (µg/g)

0.20 (0.06, 0.89)

0.20 (0.06, 0.88)

0.19 (0.06, 0.97)

0.010²

     Mn, (µg/g)

0.22 (0.10, 0.95)

0.23 (0.11, 0.95)

0.20 (0.09, 0.95)

< 0.001²

     Fe, (µg/g)

4.59 (1.78, 20.2)

4.41 (1.71, 19.1)

5.10 (1.95, 22.6)

< 0.001²

     Co, (µg/g)

0.16 (0.08, 0.97)

0.16 (0.07, 1.01)

0.17 (0.08, 0.92)

0.016²

     Ni, (µg/g)

0.98 (0.36, 3.26)

1.00 (0.36, 3.26)

0.94 (0.36, 3.30)

0.004²

     Cu, (µg/g)

9.04 (5.66, 18.8)

9.13 (5.67, 18.7)

8.80 (5.63, 19.0)

< 0.001²

     Zn, (µg/g)

300 (96.3, 735)

289 (92.7, 721)

328 (104, 782)

< 0.001²

     As, (µg/g)

15.3 (3.68, 148)

15.9 (3.73, 158)

14.0 (3.55, 140)

0.028²

     Se, (µg/g)

20.7 (13.3, 36.2)

20.9 (13.6, 36.3)

19.7 (12.4, 35.5)

< 0.001²

     Mo, (µg/g)

29.6 (9.67, 67.7)

30.4 (10.2, 67.6)

27.1 (8.29, 68.2)

< 0.001²

     Ag, (µg/g)

0.03 (0.01, 0.10)

0.03 (0.01, 0.10)

0.02 (0.01, 0.11)

< 0.001²

     Cd, (µg/g)

0.43 (0.15, 1.43)

0.39 (0.14, 1.19)

0.60 (0.19, 1.82)

< 0.001²

     Sn, (µg/g)

0.54 (0.18, 2.53)

0.55 (0.18, 2.58)

0.51 (0.17, 2.43)

< 0.001²

     Sb, (µg/g)

0.04 (0.02, 0.18)

0.04 (0.02, 0.16)

0.05 (0.02, 0.24)

< 0.001²

     I, (µg/g)

93.3 (49.2, 208)

95.1 (50.9, 213)

88.5 (45.6, 193)

< 0.001²

     Hg, (µg/g)

0.98 (0.24, 3.50)

1.04 (0.26, 3.61)

0.86 (0.20, 3.04)

< 0.001²

     Tl, (µg/g)

0.18 (0.09, 0.44)

0.18 (0.09, 0.44)

0.17 (0.08, 0.42)

< 0.001²

     Pb, (µg/g)

1.31 (0.50, 4.12)

1.25 (0.47, 3.84)

1.48 (0.59, 4.85)

< 0.001²

     Bi, (ng/g)

5 (2, 36)

5 (2, 33)

4 (2, 42)

< 0.001²