Table 5 Participants’ characteristics, by BMI status.

Age (Years)

49.6 (36.8, 70.7)

54.3 (37.3, 73.0)

57.0 (38.5, 71.9)

< 0.001²

Smoking

< 0.001³

     Non smoker

1,954 (70%)

1,588 (74%)

735 (80%)

     Smoker

857 (30%)

547 (26%)

185 (20%)

Sex

< 0.001³

     Women

1,778 (63%)

872 (41%)

441 (48%)

     Men

1,033 (37%)

1,263 (59%)

479 (52%)

Diabetes

< 0.001³

     No

2,746 (98%)

2,006 (94%)

724 (79%)

     Yes

65 (2%)

129 (6%)

196 (21%)

Metabolic syndrome

< 0.001³

     No

2,676 (95%)

1,517 (71%)

300 (33%)

     Yes

135 (5%)

618 (29%)

620 (67%)

BMI, (kg/m2)

22.5 (18.9, 24.8)

27.1 (25.2, 29.6)

32.6 (30.2, 40.4)

< 0.001²

Creatinine, (µg/L)

1.39 (0.40, 2.85)

1.45 (0.46, 2.91)

1.36 (0.50, 2.81)

0.003²

TE concentrations

     Li, (µg/L)

17.5^a (7.21, 110)

17.3 (6.93, 98.8)

17.1^a (6.38, 108)

0.025²

     Be, (ng/L)

1.1 (0.4, 4.9)

1.0 (0.4, 4.6)

1.1 (0.4, 4.5)

0.11²

     Al, (µg/L)

4.15 (0.95, 20.3)

4.12^a (0.94, 20.3)

4.42^a (1.08, 22.1)

0.018²

     V, (µg/L)

0.12 (0.06, 0.42)

0.12 (0.06, 0.39)

0.13 (0.06, 0.38)

0.3²

     Cr, (µg/L)

0.20 (0.06, 0.89)

0.19 (0.06, 0.88)

0.21 (0.06, 0.96)

0.2²

     Mn, (µg/L)

0.22^a (0.11, 0.99)

0.22^a (0.10, 0.87)

0.23 (0.11, 0.95)

0.009²

     Fe, (µg/L)

4.56 (1.83, 21.9)

4.47^a (1.74, 18.2)

5.08^a (1.73, 19.1)

< 0.001²

     Co, (µg/L)

0.17^{a, b} (0.08, 1.05)

0.15^b (0.07, 0.85)

0.16^a (0.08, 0.96)

< 0.001²

     Ni, (µg/L)

1.06^{a, b} (0.39, 3.45)

0.93^b (0.34, 3.23)

0.93^a (0.35, 3.05)

< 0.001²

     Cu, (µg/L)

8.93^a (5.73, 17.8)

8.92^b (5.50, 18.9)

9.80^{a, b} (5.81, 21.9)

< 0.001²

     Zn, (µg/L)

277^a (84.9, 675)

314^b (106, 758)

354^c (117, 875)

< 0.001²

     As, (µg/L)

16.4^a (3.91, 157)

15.0^b (3.65, 146)

13.2^{a, b} (3.23, 139)

< 0.001²

    Se, (µg/L)

20.7^a (13.5, 35.5)

20.32^b (13.2, 36.3)

21.2^{a, b} (13.1, 37.7)

0.003²

    Mo, (µg/L)

30.8^a (11.0, 68.0)

27.6^{a, b} (8.62, 66.9)

29.5^b (10.6, 70.3)

< 0.001²

     Ag, (µg/L)

0.03^a (0.01, 0.11)

0.03^a (0.01, 0.10)

0.03 (0.01, 0.11)

0.020²

     Cd, (µg/L)

0.44^a (0.15, 1.49)

0.41^a (0.15, 1.40)

0.43 (0.16, 1.32)

0.012²

     Sn, (µg/L)

0.57^a (0.19, 2.31)

0.51^a (0.17, 2.73)

0.55 (0.17, 2.77)

< 0.001²

     Sb, (µg/L)

0.04^a (0.02, 0.16)

0.04 (0.02, 0.20)

0.05^a (0.02, 0.18)

0.024²

     I, (µg/L)

92.7^a (48.9, 206)

93.2 (49.6, 205)

95.7^a (51.5, 216.5)

0.030²

     Hg, (µg/L)

1.11^a (0.28, 3.83)

0.90^b (0.23, 3.09)

0.83^c (0.20, 2.87)

< 0.001²

     Tl, (µg/L)

0.18^{a, b} (0.09, 0.45)

0.17^b (0.09, 0.42)

0.17^a (0.08, 0.41)

< 0.001²

     Pb, (µg/L)

1.30 (0.51, 4.26)

1.33 (0.49, 4.00)

1.29 (0.49, 3.86)

0.11²

     Bi, (ng/L)

5^a (2, 36)

5^a (2, 40)

5 (2, 26)

0.015²

¹ Median (5%, 95%)

² Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test

³ Pearson’s Chi-squared test