Table 9 Summary of Granger Causality results.

From: Exploring the nexus of industrial production and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Bangladesh through ARDL bounds testing insights

Causal Relationship

Lag Order

F-Statistic

p-Value

Causality

\(\:dIVG\to\:dCEs\)

1

3.3399

\(\:<\)0.1*

No

\(\:dTNRMV\to\:dCEs\)

1

1.651

0.204

Yes

\(\:dPGR\to\:dCEs\)

2

1.0717

0.3516

Yes

\(\:dEPGS\to\:dCEs\)

1

0.1208

0.7298

Yes

\(\:dEPOS\to\:dCEs\)

2

0.6645

0.5198

Yes

\(\:dFC\to\:dCEs\)

1

0.3264

0.5706

Yes

\(\:dAGV\to\:dCEs\)

2

3.125

\(\:<\)0.05**

No

  1. p-value\(\:{<0.001,}^{\text{*}\text{*}*},{0.01<\text{p}<0.05,\:\:}^{\text{*}*},{0.05<\text{p}<0.1,}^{*}\)
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