Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study participants.
From: Investigating the association between labor pain and cessation of breastfeeding
Variables | Cessation of breastfeeding (n = 189) | Ongoing breastfeeding (n = 624) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 30.1 (4.01) | 31.3 (3.9) | 0.0005 |
Ethnicity | 0.0099 | ||
Chinese | 82 (43.9) | 358 (57.7) | |
Malay | 64 (34.2) | 161 (26.0) | |
Indian | 14 (7.5) | 31 (5.0) | |
Others | 27 (14.4) | 70 (11.3) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.6149 | ||
Single | 3 (1.6) | 12 (1.9) | |
Married | 182 (97.8) | 602 (97.4) | |
Divorced/separated | 0 | 3 (0.5) | |
Others | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | |
Housing status, n (%) | 0.2573 | ||
Rented | 21 (14.6) | 55 (11.1) | |
Owned | 123 (85.4) | 440 (88.9) | |
Staying with, n (%) | 0.6208 | ||
Alone | 1 (0.6) | 6 (1.1) | |
Husband | 111 (70.3) | 435 (75.5) | |
Parents/parents-in-law | 38 (24.1) | 109 (18.9) | |
Others | 8 (5.1) | 26 (4.5) | |
Occupation, n (%) | 0.0014 | ||
Homemaker/unemployed | 40 (22.2) | 96 (15.9) | |
Self-employed | 6 (3.3) | 25 (4.2) | |
Professional | 48 (26.7) | 252 (41.9) | |
Service/sales | 27 (15.0) | 49 (8.1) | |
Management | 14 (7.8) | 33 (5.5) | |
Others | 45 (25.0) | 147 (24.4) | |
Education level, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
Primary or below | 6 (3.4) | 2 (0.3) | |
Secondary/high school | 60 (34.5) | 72 (12.1) | |
University/polytechnic | 94 (54.0) | 420 (70.6) | |
Post-graduate | 14 (8.0) | 101 (17.0) | |
Number of biological children before this pregnancy, mean (SD) | 0.6 (0.89) | 0.5 (0.75) | 0.0123 |
Age at first menstrual period (years), mean (SD) | 12.7 (2.28) | 12.9 (2.49) | 0.5431 |
Cycles, n (%) | 0.2598 | ||
Regular | 131 (77.1) | 485 (81.0) | |
Irregular | 39 (22.9) | 114 (19.0) | |
Mood changes during menstrual period, n (%) | 0.0066 | ||
Always | 26 (15.2) | 86 (14.4) | |
Sometimes | 105 (61.4) | 335 (56.0) | |
Rarely | 23 (13.5) | 145 (24.2) | |
Never | 17 (9.9) | 32 (5.4) | |
Cramps during menstrual period, n (%) | 0.2127 | ||
Always | 51 (29.7) | 166 (27.8) | |
Sometimes | 75 (43.6) | 223 (37.3) | |
Rarely | 34 (19.8) | 162 (27.1) | |
Never | 12 (7.0) | 47 (7.9) | |
Headache during menstrual period, n (%) | 0.0608 | ||
Always | 21 (12.2) | 47 (7.9) | |
Sometimes | 67 (39.0) | 209 (35.1) | |
Rarely | 38 (22.1) | 187 (31.4) | |
Never | 46 (26.7) | 152 (25.5) | |
Previous peri-partum depression, n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | 0.6683 |
Personal history, n (%) | |||
Depression | 4 (2.1) | 17 (2.7) | 0.6444 |
Other mood disorder | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 0.5818 |
None | 177 (93.7) | 590 (94.6) | 0.6388 |
Others | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0.0690 |
Family history of mental illness, n (%) | |||
No | 179 (94.7) | 581 (93.1) | 0.4350 |
Depression | 0 | 19 (3.0) | 0.0152 |
Bipolar | 1 (0.5) | 5 (0.8) | 0.7017 |
Other mood disorder | 0 | 2 (0.3) | 0.4358 |
Others | 2 (1.1) | 7 (1.1) | 0.9416 |
