Table 3 Analgesic, obstetric, neonatal characteristics and postpartum breastfeeding support.
From: Investigating the association between labor pain and cessation of breastfeeding
Variables | Cessation of breastfeeding (n = 189) | Ongoing breastfeeding (n = 624) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Gravida, mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.1) | 0.0074 |
Gestation (weeks), mean (SD) | 38.0 (1.6) | 38.3 (1.7) | 0.1185 |
Termination of pregnancy, n (%) | 0.9327 | ||
0 | 23 (76.7) | 47 (73.4) | |
1 | 6 (20.0) | 15 (23.4) | |
2 | 1 (3.3) | 2 (3.1) | |
Analgesia received, n (%) | |||
Epidural | 147 (81.2) | 505 (84.7) | 0.2595 |
Entonox | 120 (66.3) | 395 (66.3) | 0.9954 |
Pethidine | 32 (17.7) | 109 (18.3) | 0.8523 |
Remifentanil | 4 (2.2) | 4 (0.7) | 0.0725 |
Number of pain relief requests, mean (SD) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.9) | 0.8473 |
Number of pain relief administered, mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.9) | 0.9032 |
Mode of labor onset, n (%) | |||
Spontaneous | 1 (0.5) | 19 (3.0) | 0.0505 |
Cesarean, not in labor | 0 | 2 (0.3) | 0.4358 |
ARM without oxytocin | 5 (2.6) | 10 (1.6) | 0.3506 |
Oxytocin without ARM | 3 (1.6) | 12 (1.9) | 0.7638 |
ARM and oxytocin induction | 31 (16.4) | 59 (9.5) | 0.0077 |
Spontaneous and oxytocin | 0 | 5 (0.8) | 0.2170 |
Prostin induction | 91 (48.1) | 262 (42.0) | 0.1344 |
Emergency caesarean | 17 (9.0) | 60 (9.6) | 0.7985 |
Others | 66 (34.9) | 277 (44.4) | 0.0209 |
Medical and surgical complications, n (%)a | 47 (5.8) | 116 (14.3) | 0.0603 |
Obstetric and other complications, n (%)b | 41 (21.7) | 99 (15.9) | 0.0630 |
PROM, n (%) | 5 (2.6) | 21 (3.4) | 0.6222 |
Maternal pyrexia, n (%) | 41 (22.4) | 116 (18.7) | 0.2639 |
Duration of second stage of labor (mins), mean (SD) | 59.3 (68.7) | 66.3 (57.2) | 0.2589 |
Duration of third stage of labor (mins), mean (SD) | 5.1 (4.8) | 5.4 (6.3) | 0.4686 |
Blood loss during delivery (ml), mean (SD) | 281.1 (159.4) | 276.8 (144.6) | 0.7395 |
Shoulder dystocia, n (%) | 3 (1.6) | 5 (0.8) | 0.3375 |
Third degree tear, n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 13 (2.1) | 0.1496 |
Mode of delivery, n (%) | 0.2916 | ||
Vaginal delivery | 129 (68.3) | 399 (63.9) | |
Instrumental delivery | 17 (9.0) | 82 (13.1) | |
Emergency cesarean delivery | 43 (22.8) | 143 (22.9) | |
Position of head, n (%) | 0.9235 | ||
OA | 141 (75.0) | 460 (74.0) | |
OP | 4 (2.1) | 16 (2.6) | |
Others | 43 (22.9) | 146 (23.5) | |
Infant sex, n (%) | 0.7122 | ||
Male | 98 (51.9) | 314 (50.3) | |
Female | 91 (48.1) | 310 (49.7) | |
Infant weight (g), mean (SD) | 3220.6 (398.7) | 3181.0 (358.5) | 0.2212 |
Infant height (cm), mean (SD) | 49.2 (2.0) | 49.2 (1.9) | 0.8656 |
Infant head circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 33.9 (1.3) | 33.9 (1.2) | 0.5853 |
Apgar 1′ (0–10), median (IQR) | 9.0 (0.0) | 9.0 (0.0) | 0.0798 |
Apgar 5′ (0–10), median (IQR) | 9.0 (0.0) | 9.0 (0.0) | 0.5797 |
Infant resuscitation, n (%) | 77 (40.7) | 244 (39.4) | 0.7451 |
Post-partum obstetric complications, n (%) | |||
None | 153 (82.7) | 513 (82.9) | 0.9564 |
Prolonged labor | 13 (6.9) | 45 (7.2) | 0.8761 |
Emergency/crash LSCS | 18 (9.5) | 56 (9.0) | 0.8180 |
Failed anesthesia for LSCS | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 0.5818 |
Post-partum hemorrhage | 1 (0.5) | 4 (0.6) | 0.8631 |
Neonatal complications, n (%) | |||
None | 175 (94.6) | 590 (95.5) | 0.6230 |
Neonatal infection | 0 | 2 (0.3) | 0.4358 |
Neonatal reflux | 1 (0.5) | 5 (0.8) | 0.7017 |
Hospitalization | 3 (1.6) | 8 (1.3) | 0.7503 |
Surgical conditions | 0 | 2 (0.3) | 0.4358 |
Others | 9 (4.8) | 15 (2.4) | 0.0934 |
Receive any of these support services on breastfeeding or giving breast milk to baby, n (%) | |||
Help from ward nurses during hospital stay | 150 (79.4) | 485 (77.7) | 0.6327 |
Help from lactation consultant during hospital stay | 57 (30.2) | 268 (42.9) | 0.0017 |
Received phone call from postnatal ward after discharge | 47 (24.9) | 169 (27.1) | 0.5457 |
Contacted the institution’s ask-a-nurse helpline | 1 (0.5) | 17 (2.7) | 0.0723 |
Contacted the institution’s lactation consultant | 7 (03.7) | 52 (8.3) | 0.0316 |
Attended the institution’s lactation clinic | 4 (2.1) | 23 (3.7) | 0.2914 |
Attended the institution’s 24 h obstetrics and gynecological emergency clinic | 5 (2.6) | 6 (1.0) | 0.0792 |
Breastfeeding mothers support group helpline | 1 (0.5) | 22 (3.5) | 0.0295 |
Joyful parenting and breastfeeding helpline | 0 | 2 (0.3) | 0.4358 |
