Fig. 4

Differences in nephrotoxic effects of PPIs by the incidence rate of ESKD of comparator cohort. The number in each bar represents incidence rate of ESKD per 100 person years. Dotted lines represent overall incidence rate in proton pump inhibitor (PPI, orange line) and histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2RA, green line) users. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. ESKD end-stage kidney disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, PPI proton pump inhibitor, H2RA histamine-2 receptor antagonist, CHF chronic heart failure, DM diabetes, HTN hypertension, LC liver cirrhosis, IR incidence rate.