Fig. 5

Mortality rates from F1 bioassays against insecticides used in IRS and bednets. Point mortality rates for insecticides DDT, Bendiocarb, Pirimiphos-methyl (A); clothianidin and chlorfenapyr (B) and LLINs (C). Error bars in both line and bar graph indicate confidence intervals calculated by SEM. NA indicate tests that were not performed. The dotted red horizontal line is 90% mortality cut-off, below which is confirmed resistance.