Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants.
From: Association between constipation and incident chronic kidney disease in the UK Biobank study
Characteristics | Total (n = 118,020) | Constipation | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 7,076) | No (n = 110,944) | |||
Age, mean (SD), year | 55.5 (8.1) | 56.8 (8.0) | 55.4 (8.1) | 0.174 |
Female, n (%) | 60,455 (51.2) | 4,907 (69.3) | 55,548 (50.1) | 0.401 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.031 | |||
White | 113,762 (96.4) | 6,787 (95.9) | 106,975 (96.4) | |
Black | 1,013 (0.9) | 79 (1.1) | 934 (0.8) | |
Asian and other | 3,245 (2.7) | 210 (3.0) | 3,035 (2.7) | |
Socioeconomic status, n (%) | 0.085 | |||
Low | 20,289 (17.2) | 1,420 (20.1) | 18,869 (17.0) | |
Intermediate | 72,680 (61.6) | 4,288 (60.6) | 68,392 (61.6) | |
High | 25,051 (21.2) | 1,368 (19.3) | 23,683 (21.3) | |
University degree or higher, n (%) | 43,488 (36.8) | 2,088 (29.5) | 41,400 (37.3) | 0.166 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.065 | |||
Never | 65,970 (55.9) | 3,752 (53.0) | 62,218 (56.1) | |
Previous | 40,099 (34.0) | 2,519 (35.6) | 37,580 (33.9) | |
Current | 11,951 (10.1) | 805 (11.4) | 11,146 (10.0) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.138 | |||
Never | 4,158 (3.5) | 341 (4.8) | 3,817 (3.4) | |
Previous | 3,765 (3.2) | 380 (5.4) | 3,385 (3.1) | |
Current | 110,097 (93.3) | 6,355 (89.8) | 103,742 (93.5) | |
Healthy diet, n (%) | 47,281 (40.1) | 3,068 (43.4) | 44,213 (39.9) | 0.071 |
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.095 | |||
Low | 21,254 (18.0) | 1,515 (21.4) | 19,739 (17.8) | |
Moderate | 47,741 (40.5) | 2,816 (39.8) | 44,925 (40.5) | |
High | 49,025 (41.5) | 2,745 (38.8) | 46,280 (41.7) | |
Body mass index, mean (SD) | 27.1 (4.5) | 27.1 (4.8) | 27.1 (4.5) | 0.003 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 6,132 (5.2) | 457 (6.5) | 5,675 (5.1) | 0.058 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 53,137 (45.0) | 3,061 (43.3) | 50,076 (45.1) | 0.038 |
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 4,999 (4.2) | 484 (6.8) | 4,515 (4.1) | 0.122 |
Stroke, n (%) | 1,533 (1.3) | 129 (1.8) | 1,404 (1.3) | 0.045 |
Medication use, n (%) | ||||
RAS inhibitors, n (%) | 8,053 (6.8) | 509 (7.2) | 7,544 (6.8) | 0.015 |
Statins, n (%) | 11,040 (9.4) | 804 (11.4) | 10,236 (9.2) | 0.07 |
Anticholinergic drugs, n (%) | 17,292 (14.7) | 2,107 (29.8) | 15,185 (13.7) | 0.398 |
Antidiarrheal drugs, n (%) | 388 (0.3) | 52 (0.7) | 336 (0.3) | 0.06 |
Diuretics, n (%) | 4,863 (4.1) | 380 (5.4) | 4,483 (4.0) | 0.063 |
Opioids, n (%) | 5,428 (4.6) | 882 (12.5) | 4,546 (4.1) | 0.307 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 92.3 (11.7) | 91.6 (11.8) | 92.4 (11.7) | 0.067 |
UACR, mean (SD) | 10.7 (6.3) | 11.7 (6.5) | 10.6 (6.3) | 0.162 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 222.2 (43.2) | 222.4 (45.0) | 222.2 (43.1) | 0.004 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 90.9 (19.1) | 91.2 (18.5) | 90.9 (19.1) | 0.016 |
