Table 2 Associations between constipation and incident CKD.

From: Association between constipation and incident chronic kidney disease in the UK Biobank study

Data sources

Exposure definitions

No. of case/No. of participants

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Constipation

No constipation

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

GP cohort

(n = 118,020)

ICD-defined constipation

405/4,780

6,428/113,240

1.57

(1.42–1.74)

< 0.001

1.52

(1.37–1.68)

< 0.001

1.52

(1.37–1.68)

< 0.001

1.51

(1.37–1.67)

< 0.001

ICD-defined constipation or regular laxative use at baseline

546/7,076

6,287/110,944

1.41

(1.29–1.54)

< 0.001

1.35

(1.24–1.47)

< 0.001

1.35

(1.23–1.47)

< 0.001

1.34

(1.23–1.47)

< 0.001

  1. Model 1 was an unadjusted model. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and body mass index. Model 3 was further adjusted for the Townsend deprivation index, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, healthy diet, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, RAS inhibitors, anticholinergics, opioids, statins, and diuretics. Model 4 was further adjusted for eGFR, UACR, total cholesterol level, and fasting glucose level.
  2. GP general practitioner data; HR, hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
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