Table 1 Socio-demographic, maternal, child, health care utilization and community level characteristics of study.
From: Spatial distribution and determinants of anemia among under-five children in Mozambique
Variable | Response | Anemia | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n, %) | Yes (n, %) | |||
Marital status | Currently married | 467 (47.61) | 513 (52.39) | 0.22 |
Unmarried | 1114 (51.88) | 1033 (48.12) | ||
Mothers education | No education | 407 (45.64) | 485 (54.36) | 0.000 |
Primary | 733 (49.49) | 749 (50.51) | ||
Secondary | 440 (58.4) | 314 (41.6) | ||
Mother working | Yes | 536 (56.56) | 412 (43.44) | 0.094 |
No | 1045 (47.92) | 1135 (52.08) | ||
Fathers education | No education | 280 (43.1) | 370 (56.9) | 0.000 |
Primary | 530 (50.37) | 522 (49.63) | ||
Secondary | 476 (58.14) | 343 (41.86) | ||
Source of drinking water | Improved | 733 (48.72) | 771 (51.28) | 0.096 |
Unimproved | 848 (52.22) | 776 (47.78) | ||
Family size | < 5 | 750 (52.46) | 680 (47.54) | 0.185 |
6–10 | 725 (48.25) | 778 (51.75) | ||
≥ 11 | 106 (54.16) | 89 (45.84) | ||
Household head sex | Male | 1171 (50.62) | 1142 (49.38) | 0.318 |
Female | 410 (50.32) | 405 (49.68) | ||
Wealth index | Poor | 639 (46.46) | 737 (53.54) | 0.001 |
Middle | 326 (51.22) | 310 (48.78) | ||
Rich | 615 (55.19) | 310 (48.78) | ||
Child age | 6–11 | 169 (52.76) | 151 (47.24) | 0.024 |
12–23 | 356 (54.32) | 299 (45.68) | ||
≥ 24 | 1056 (49.06) | 1096 (50.94) | ||
Child sex | Male | 772 (51.51) | 727 (48.49) | 0.693 |
Female | 808 (49.65) | 820 (50.35) | ||
Birth order | First | 431 (44.95) | 352 (44.95) | 0.018 |
Second-third | 594 (50.03) | 595 (50.03) | ||
Fourth-fifth | 337 (53.12) | 382 (53.12) | ||
Six & above | 218 (49.95) | 218 (49.95) | ||
vitamin A supplementation | Yes | 835 (55.18) | 678 (44.82) | 0.000 |
No | 686 (46.2) | 799 (53.8) | ||
Deworming | No | 891 (47.23) | 995 (52.77) | 0.000 |
Yes | 631 (56.67) | 483 (43.33) | ||
Fever in the last 2 week | No | 1330 (50.33) | 1313 (49.67) | 0.393 |
Yes | 192 (53.72) | 165 (46.28) | ||
Diarrhea in the last 2 week | No | 1351 (49.83) | 1360 (50.17) | 0.014 |
Yes | 170 (59.24) | 117 (40.76) | ||
Cough in the last | No | 1358 (50.52) | 1330 (49.48) | 0.582 |
Yes | 164 (52.61) | 148 (47.39) | ||
Plurality | Single | 1543 (50.81) | 1493 (49.19) | 0.02 |
Multiple | 38 (41.46) | 53 (58.54) | ||
Birth size | Large | 239 (57.81) | 174 (42.19) | 0.037 |
Normal | 569 (50.33) | 562 (49.67) | ||
Small | 42 (46.3) | 49 (53.7) | ||
Wasting | Yes | 48 (57.66) | 36 (42.34) | 0.397 |
No | 1412 (50.86) | 1365 (49.14) | ||
Stunting | Yes | 494 (48.33) | 528 (51.67) | 0.012 |
No | 928 (53.67) | 801 (46.33) | ||
Under-weight | Yes | 201 (51.31) | 1140 (48.27) | 0.524 |
No | 1222 (51.73) | 191 (48.69) | ||
Maternal age | 15–19 | 145 (51.83) | 135 (48.17) | 0.148 |
20–34 | 1103 (50.58) | 1077 (49.42) | ||
≥ 35 | 333 (49.87) | 334 (50.13) | ||
Mother smokes | Yes | 28 (55.0) | 23 (44.99) | 0.977 |
No | 1553 (50.47) | 1524 (49.53) | ||
Iron supplementation | Yes | 707 (55.35) | 571 (44.65) | 0.044 |
No | 74 (38.6) | 117 (61.4) | ||
Maternal BMI | Low | 90 (47.21) | 100 (52.79) | 0.004 |
Normal | 1089 (48.4) | 1161 (51.6) | ||
High | 402 (58.45) | 285 (41.55) | ||
Mother anemic | Yes | 948 (46.88) | 1074 (53.12) | 0.000 |
No | 509 (61.4) | 320 (38.6) | ||
Media exposure | Yes | 775 (54.36) | 651 (45.64) | 0.002 |
No | 806 (47.34) | 896 (52.66) | ||
ANC visit | Optimal | 460 (56.94) | 348 (43.06) | 0.041 |
Non optimal | 321 (48.56) | 340 (51.44) | ||
PNC visit | Yes | 170 (49.04) | 177 (50.96) | 0.271 |
No | 611 (54.48) | 510 (45.52) | ||
Place of delivery | Home | 177 (44.7) | 219 (55.3) | 0.02 |
Health facility | 673 (54.34) | 566 (45.66) | ||
Place of residence | Urban | 547 (55.33) | 442 (44.67) | 0.001 |
Rural | 1033 (48.32) | 1105 (51.68) | ||
Community poverty level | High | 796 (54.21) | 672 (45.79) | 0.005 |
Low | 785 (47.29) | 875 (52.71) | ||
Community women illiteracy | High | 848 (52.7) | 761 (47.3) | 0.001 |
Low | 733 (48.25) | 786 (51.75) | ||
Community ANC use | High | 940 (52.74) | 842 (47.26) | 0.30 |
Low | 631 (48.53) | 670 (51.47) | ||
Community media exposure | High | 726 (55.92) | 572 (44.08) | 0.000 |
Low | 855 (46.72) | 975 (53.28) | ||
Region | Niassa | 240 (78.05) | 68 (21.95) | 0.000 |
Cabo delgado | 98 (49.61) | 99 (50.39) | ||
Nampula | 292 (38.8) | 461 (61.2) | ||
Zambzia | 134 (28.1) | 342 (71.9) | ||
Tete | 245 (66.13) | 125 (33.87) | ||
Manica | 150 (61.87) | 92 (38.13) | ||
Sofala | 107 (43.48) | 139 (56.52) | ||
Inhambane | 56 (49.82) | 56 (50.18) | ||
Gaza | 72 (49.36) | 74 (50.64) | ||
Maputo | 139 (70.06) | 60 (29.94) | ||
Cidade de maputo | 48 (60.76) | 31 (39.24) | ||
