Table 4 Tracking performance under dynamic sudden step and gradual change at St = 0.03 s.
Large step changes response (time) | PV array model output (W) | Power tracking accuracy (MPP(W)), Efficiency (η) MPPT | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hybrid SSA-HC | PSO | GOA | GWO | BOA | HC | ||
0–2 s | 152.8 | 152.6 (96.93%) | 152.4 (96.36%) | 152.3 (94.78%) | 152 (92.79%) | 152.4 (89.66%) | 83.64 (45.04%) |
2–4 s | 96.97 | 96.78 (96.76%) | 96.24 (94.06%) | 96.64 (96.92%) | 96.24 (88.43%) | 96.63 (88.20%) | 55.02 (55.67%) |
4–5 s | 120.6 | 120.4 (92.57%) | 120.3 (79.53%) | 120.3 (90.03%) | 120 (86.86%) | 119.9 (86.91%) | 120.2 (90.94%) |
Gradually increases 5–8 s | - | 182 (99.70%) | 149.5 (82.09%) | 148.7 (89.19%) | 170.4 (96.03%) | 153.1 (90.93%) | 181.4 (99.19%) |
8–9 s | 192.7 | 192.6 (99.95%) | 151.7 (78.72%) | 150.8 (77.99%) | 182 (93.81%) | 155.4 (80.37%) | 191.1 (99.16%) |
Gradually decreases 9–12 s | - | 176.2 (99.59%) | 147.4 (83.60%) | 146.1 (88.34%) | 170.2 (97.18%) | 150.2 (90.52%) | 171.5 (99.45%) |
