Introduction

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the world’s top ten vegetable crops, belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family of annual climbing herbaceous plants1, native to the Asian continent2. Due to its high nutritional and economic value3,4,5, it has been planted in large quantities in China and its production scale is the first in the world6. Unfortunately, pests and diseases that arise during cultivation have severely impacted the productivity and quality of cucumbers as well as their various growth phases, even while the area under cultivation keeps growing7. According to the report, the main diseases causing great losses in cucumber are downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis8, powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea9, gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea10, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp11. and bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum12, among others, which leads to a serious reduction in cucumber yield, thus causing significant losses to the agricultural economy13.

Interestingly, Bacillus spp. is a common type of bacterium found in nature that has mostly been identified in earlier research as an excellent biocontrol agent that can control a wide range of plant fungi that cause disease14. Bacillus spp., however, is a plant pathogen that may also seriously harm a number of host plants, some of which have been recognized as phytopathogens. For example, B. pumilus causes the soft rot of potato tubers15, leaf blight of Mangifera indica16, and ginger rhizome rot17. Sagittaria sagittifolia black rot18 and Allium cepa bacterial rot caused by B. amyloliquefaciens19. B. megaterium caused leaf spots of Radermachera sinica20 and bacterial blight in Lupinis termis21. Bacillus subtilis is a species of Bacillus spp. commonus that has been shown in earlier research to be widely distributed in a range of different living environments, capable of producing endophytic spores, resilient to heat, and present on the surface of soils and plants in addition to being a common endophyte in plants22. As a result of these characteristics, B. subtilis is generally widely used as a biocontrol agent in production practice in most of the current studies, and previous antagonistic experiments have demonstrated that B. subtilis inhibited the development and colonization of Rhizoctonia cerealis23, Pythium spp., Cercospora spp., and Fusarium spp24,25. Furthermore, studies have shown that B. subtilis possesses strong biocontrol capabilities because of its capacity to generate a wide range of secondary metabolites, or compounds that resemble glycosinophilic acid that can stimulate the synthesis of endogenous hormones and cooperate with the up-regulation of genes related to defense enzymes to fend off plant disease infections26.

However, it has also been shown that B. subtilis is capable of resolving pectin and polysaccharides in plant tissues and that some strains of B. subtilis can infect potato tubers27, tomatoes28, sunflower29, Leucojum aestivum30, cabbage31 and grape32. Nonetheless, B. subtilis is not only effective in infecting crops, fruits and vegetables but also in causing diseases in humans33,34,35 and insects36,37. Hence, in the production process, B. subtilis does not only exist as a biocontrol microorganism but its pathogenic role should not be ignored.

Gummy stem blight disease in Cucumis sativus was recently discovered in a field in Baiyin City, Gansu Province, China. The symptoms were characterised by longitudinal cracks in the stems and loose whitish tissue. To identify the pathogen responsible for this disease, in this study, the collected diseased stalks were isolated and their pathogenicity was verified according to Koch’s postulates. The pathogen was identified based on morphological characteristics and gene sequence analysis. In addition, its biocontrol potential and host plant range were tested. All of this will help to concretely identify the causal agent of cucumber gummy stem blight, resulting in more effective diagnosis, control and reduced economic losses.

Materials and methods

Test plant materials

Test plant seeds: The seeds of Cucumis sativus Cucumis melo, Lycopersicon esculentum, Raphanus sativus and Capsicum annuum were purchased from Herun Wanjia Seed Company. Zea mays from ZhangYe City, Gansu Province and Solanum tuberosum (original seed ) from DingXi City, Gansu Province.

Pathogen isolation and purification

In October 2020, Cucumis sativus stems with typical bacterial disease symptoms were found in greenhouses in Baiyin, Gansu Province, China (maximum elevation 3321 m, minimum: 1275 m; geographic location. 103°33’-105°34’E, 35°33’-37°38’N) and were brought back to the laboratory for identification. Diseased and healthy stems were rinsed with sterile water and the tissue was cut with a sterilised knife and then sterilised with 75% alcohol for 30 s. The resulting stalk tissues were placed on beef extract peptone dextrose media (BPD), respectively. The inoculated plates were placed in an incubator at 28℃ and incubated under dark conditions for 48 h. After the colonies had grown, individual colonies of the same morphology, size and colour were separated by plate separation and numbered and transferred to test tubes and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C for future use38.

Pathogenicity tests

When the cucumber grows to about 30 days, the isolates obtained in the previous step were transferred to BPD plates and cultured in the dark at 28℃ for 24–48 h, 5–6 single colonies were picked and added into 50 ml of BPD culture fluid, and cultured for 36 h under the condition of 28℃ and 180 rpm with shaking.

In vivo surface wound inoculation tests

Cucumber stalks used for pathogenicity test were wiped with 75% alcohol and then wounded with a sterile insect needle, and each treatment was repeated 6 times. The inoculated isolates were spread evenly on the wounded stalks with sterile cotton and then placed in a plastic bucket, sprayed with sterile water and incubated at room temperature in a moisturised environment for 48 h before being grown under normal conditions. Disease symptoms on stalks were continuously observed and captured with a digital camera. BPD culture fluid not inoculated with isolates were used as a control.

In vivo surface wound-free inoculation tests

The bacterial liquid was sprayed on healthy cucumber stalks wiped with 75% alcohol for a total of six treatments, with BPD cultures not inoculated with the isolate as control. The cucumbers were then moisturised and placed under normal growing conditions after 48 h. Observations were continued to record disease symptoms and photographs were taken with a digital camera.

Subsequently, diseased cucumber stems with similar disease symptoms to those in the field were reisolated at the disease-health junction according to Koch’s postulates to determine whether the inoculated isolates were pathogenic.

Identification with cultural and morphological characteristics

The pathogenic strains were inoculated onto BPD, Yeast Extract Tryptone culture Medium (LB) and beef extract peptone Nacl media (BPN) incubated at 28 ℃ in the dark for 48 h. The morphology of the colonies was observed, recorded and photographed. Then they were stained for Gram and Spore stain and 100 randomly selected single bacterium were measured for their size.

Identification with molecular characteristics

Ten single colonies of pathogenic bacteria were picked with a splice ring and incubated in 100 ml of BPD at 28°C and 180 r for 36 h. DNA was then extracted from the pathogenic bacteria using the TIANGEN Bacteria DNA Kit (TIANGEN BIOTECH (Bei Jing) CO, LTD). 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) (27F: 5’-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’)/1492R: 5’-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’) and DNA gyrase A subunit (gyrA) (gyrA-bs1: 5’-GCGATCCTTGACATGAGGCT-3’ /gyrA-bs25’-AGACGCACACCTTGAGTAC-3’) 39 primers were used for amplification.

The reaction system for 16 S rRNA was 25 uL, including 12.5 uL PCR Mix, 1 uL DNA, 1 uL 1492R, 1 uL 27 F, 9.5 uL ddH2O; the reaction system for gyrA was 25 uL, including 12.5 uL Mix, 0.5 uL DNA, 1 uL gyrA-bs1, 1 uL gyrA-bs2, 10 uL ddH2O.

The amplified condition for the 16s rRNA region was 5 min initial denaturation at 94 °C, and denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 48 °C for 30 s, extending at 72 °C for 1 min, with 40 cycles, a final extension step of 1 min at 72 °C and the preservation at 4 °C; the condition for the gyrA region was 3 min initial denaturation at 95 °C, the denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, the annealing at 58 °C for 30 s, the extend at 72 °C for 1 min, the cycles of 32, a final extension step of 5 min at 72 °C and the preservation at 4 °C。.

Finally, PCR products were detected by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, and the PCR products with obvious bands were sent to Lanzhou Tianqi Gene Biotechnology LTD for sequencing. The multilocus sequences were compared with the sequences previously deposited in the GenBank Database using the BLAST, and both 16s rRNA and gyrA amplified sequences were found to be B. subtilis, and then the phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 7.0 adopted with 1000 bootstrap replications to clarify the taxonomic status of pathogenic bacteria.

Host range tests

The inoculation methods are the same as for pathogenicity tests, and the cultured bacterial solution was inoculated onto melon (Cucumis melo), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), radish (Raphanus sativus), chilli (Capsicum annuum), and corn (Zea mays). Using the BPD culture fluid without the pathogen as a control, and then placed in a sterilized plastic bucket to moisturize and incubate, disease symptoms were continuously observed and photographed and recorded for a total of 6 treatments, each replicated 6 times.

In vitro antagonistic activity tests

The in vitro antagonistic activity of B. subtilis was determined by an antagonistic culture method. The following pathogens were selected from the laboratory: Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticillioides, F. avenaceum, Alternaria tenuissima, A. solani, C. scovillei and C. coccodes were tested for antagonistic activity. The above pathogens were inoculated onto potato-dextrose agar (PDA) media in a 25 °C incubator for 7 d in the dark, and then perforated with a hole punch at the edge of the colony to form a 5 mm mycelial discs. It was placed in the center of the plate and four test strains were attached at equal distances on a circumference 2.5 cm from the center (i.e., standoff method) (Fig. 1). The plates were then incubated in the dark in an incubator at 25 °C. After the control dish was full, the fungal colony diameter was measured by the cross method, and each treatment was repeated seven times to calculate the inhibition rate. The mycelium at the edge of the colonies in the treatment and control groups was picked and the changes in mycelial morphology were observed under a microscope and photographed.

Inhibition rate (%)=((diameter of control - diameter of treated pathogenic fungi)/(diameter of control − 0.5))×100, where 0.5 was the diameter of fungal plugs initially inoculated on the PDA plate.

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In vitro antagonistic activity test method. Gray represents the pathogenic fungi tested for antagonistic activity

Results

Field symptoms

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A gelatinous secretion produced on the stalks and fruits of cucumber, found in the field. A–E symptoms on the surface of cucumber stems (the stems were wilted, yellowed and split). F, symptoms on the fruit of cucumber

During field investigations in Baiyin City, Gansu Province, China, it was found that cucumber gummy stem blight can occur both cucumber stems and fruits. Among them, the disease was most severe and obvious on the stalks, and the infested area was larger. The symptoms of old stalks are drying and cracking, with loose and whitish internal tissues (Fig. 2A and B). Newly grown stalks showed symptoms of wilting, yellowish-brown colour with a watery surface of the stalks (Fig. 2C, D and E). Cucumber fruits were cut open to a light yellowish-brown cracked appearance(Fig. 2F).

Isolation of pathogen and pathogenicity tests

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Pathogenicity of isolate HlJ-3 in cucumber stalks with surface wound inoculation (vivo inoculation tests). a, e, i, m and q represent in vivo controls with surface wounds that showed no disease symptoms; b, c, d, n, o and p represent yellowing and wilting of foliage, splitting of stalks, and yellowish brown of cucumber when cucumber stalks were inoculated with HlJ-3 by pinprick inoculation 10 days after inoculation; and j, k, l, r, s and t represent localised symptoms of cucumber stalks inoculated with HlJ-3 10 days after inoculation, w stand for the third pathogenicity, the leftmost stalk is CK.

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Pathogenicity of isolate HlJ-3 in cucumber stalks with surface non-wound inoculation (vivo inoculation tests). a and e, the control in vivo pathogenicity about surface non-wound inoculations, no disease symptoms appeared. b, c and d represent the disease status of the whole cucumber plant 15 days after inoculation with HlJ-3 under non-needling conditions; f, g and h represent the disease status of the inoculation site.

Typical symptomatic and healthy stalks were brought back to the laboratory for pathogen isolation. Three isolates, named HlJ-1, HlJ-2 and HlJ-3, were obtained from diseased stalks and no strain was isolated from healthy stalks. The three isolates were then inoculated into cucumber stalks and only HlJ-3 was found to cause pathogenicity in cucumber stalks, and when the diseased stalks were reisolated, the reisolates were identical to the isolates in terms of morphological characteristics.

Symptoms of HlJ-3 inoculation were as follows: on the fifth day of inoculation with isolate HlJ-3 under needling conditions, small yellow-brown cracks appeared on the cucumber stalks (Fig. 3f, g, and h). As the disease expanded, the aboveground cucumber leaves turned yellow and withered (Fig. 3b, c, d, n, o and p), on the 10th day after inoculation, the stalks cracked and brown secretion appeared at the cracks (Fig. 3j, k, l, r, s t and supplementary Fig. 3), whereas the control did not develop the disease (Fig. 3a, e, i, m and q). Under non-needling conditions, the onset symptoms were consistent with the above description, with the difference that visible symptoms could be observed on day 15 after inoculation (Fig. 4). By reisolating the onset site, colonies consistent with isolate HlJ-3 were obtained (Fig. 5g and h). Thus, pathogenicity tests showed that isolate HlJ-3 is the pathogen responsible for cucumber stem disease.

Identification of morphological characteristics

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Morphological characteristics of strain HlJ-3. a and g, represent morphological characteristics of the proto-bacteria isolated from field samples and inoculated into NA medium. b and h, Morphological characteristics of the pathogenic bacteria obtained after isolate HlJ-3 was inoculated onto Cucumber stalks and caused disease in Cucumber and then re-inoculated into NA medium. c and i, represent the morphological characteristics of the colonies obtained after inoculating the pathogen on LB plates. d and j represent the morphological characteristics of colonies inoculated on NB plates. e represents the characteristics of the pathogenic bacteria HlJ-3 after Gram staining. f represents the characteristics of the pathogenic bacteria HlJ-3 after Spore stain, and the direction of the arrow is the stained bacteriophage.

The pathogenic bacterium HlJ-3 was inoculated onto BPD, BPN and LB media by plate scribing method, and incubated for about 48 h at 28 °C under dark conditions (Fig. 5a-d). Single colonies were found to be dirty white, rough and opaque on the surface, with central folds and spreading irregular edges, and a ring of light red pigment near the edge of the colony (Fig. 5g, h, i, and j). Single colonies were picked out for Gram staining and found to be Gram-positive with rod-shaped bodies, size (0.33–0.60) µm × (1.92–5.47) µm. It was found by Spore stain that bacteria were purplish red when stained, and endospores were colorless or light green (Fig. 5e and f). According to morphological observation, HlJ-3 colony morphology was found to be consistent with the morphology of B. subtilis in the Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, which was initially identified as B. subtilis27.

16s rRNA and gyrA sequence analysis

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Phylogenetic tree of B. subtilis strain HlJ-3 combined 16 S rRNA with gyrA. A amplifed by 16 S rRNA Primer; B amplifed by gyrA Primer.

16 S rRNA, 16 S ribosomal RNA gene; gyrA, DNA gyrase A subunit. HlJ-3 was the pathogen of the study.

The DNA of strain HlJ-3 was amplified by 16 S rRNA and gyrA. The 1444 bp and 999 bp amplified fragments were obtained by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. The 16 S rRNA (OP341449.1) and gyrA (OQ803359.1) sequences of strain HlJ-3 showed 100% homology with the B. subtilis sequences, respectively. The results of phylogenetic tree indicated that strain HlJ-3 clustered with B. subtilis with a bootstrap value of 99% and 100% (Fig. 6A and B). Based on the morphological and molecular characteristics, strain HlJ-3 was identified as B. subtilis.

Host range assays

In order to further investigate the pathogenicity of the HlJ-3 strain, the host range of the pathogen HlJ-3 was assessed by inoculating six common plants, namely Melon, Potato, Tomato, Corn, Radish and Chilli. Under pinprick conditions, the stems of all five plants, except maize, were infested (Table 1). Symptoms appeared on the 3rd day after inoculation in melon, radish and chilli, on the 7th day after inoculation in potato and on the 5th day after inoculation in tomato. We observed that the disease symptoms were evident on the 14th day after inoculation on the affected stalks (Fig. 7a to f). Cracking and brownish-yellow gelatinous secretion appeared on the surface of the stalks of melon and radish, whereas ulceration, melting and rotting appeared on the surface of the stalks of tomato, potato, and chilli, while none of the inoculated control plants developed the disease.

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Lesions of infection by Bacillus subtilis HlJ-3 on melon, potato, tomato, corn, radish and chilli stems 14 days after surface wound and non-wound inoculation (a to f for needle inoculation, g to l for non-needle inoculation). m and n, models of different treatments for different crop species are in this figure. SW; Surface wound inoculation Bacillus subtilis HlJ-3. NW; Surface Non-wound inoculation Bacillus subtilis HlJ-3, CK (SW and NW) was inoculated with blank cultures.

Under non-needling conditions, 14 days after inoculation, stalks of maize, melon, and radish did not show any disease symptoms (Fig. 7g, j and k), whereas potato, tomato, and chilli were not as severe as under needling conditions, with only 1–2 plants showing localised tissue lysis on the surface of the stalks (Fig. 7h, i and l), and none of the inoculated control plants developed any disease. In the Fig. 7, m and n represent different treatment models for different crop varieties. Finally, reisolation of the above-diseased plants yielded strains consistent with the inoculated strain HlJ-3, indicating that HlJ-3 is the pathogen. The above results indicated that among these six hosts, maize plants were not infested under both needling and non- needling conditions, suggesting that the pathogen is not pathogenic. For the remaining five plants, on the other hand, it was strongly pathogenic under needling conditions.

Table 1 The pathogenicity of B. subtilis HlJ-3 in 6 crops 14 days after surface wound and non-wound inoculation.
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In vitro antagonistic activity test of HlJ-3

Since B. subtilis is a good biocontrol agent in the majority of studies, we tested the pathogen for antagonistic activity in vitro in order to verify whether it also functions as a biocontrol agent. The results of the plate standoff assay showed that strain HlJ-3 had different levels of antagonistic activity against the seven pathogenic fungi tested: F. oxysporum, A. tenuissima, A. solani, C. scovillei, F. verticillioides, F. avenaceum and C. coccodes.

Among them, the greatest inhibitory effect was observed on A. tenuissima and C. coccodes with obvious circles of inhibition (Fig. 8) whose inhibition rates were 69.92% and 68.08%, respectively; the inhibitory effect on C. scovillei and A. solani, the inhibitory effect was also more evident, with inhibition rates of 60.83% and 62.49%, respectively; while F. oxysporum, F. verticillioides and F. avenaceum had the worst inhibitory effect, with inhibition rates of 53.59%, 47.84%, and 44.29%, respectively (Table 2).

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In vitro biocontrol of fungi by B. subtilis strain HlJ-3. The effects of HlJ-3 on C. coccodes (a1), A. tenuissima (a2), A. solani (a3), C. scovillei (a4), F. avenaceum (a5), F. verticillioides (a6), F. oxysporum (a7) for biological control. Pathogenic fungi and HlJ-3 were double-cultured on the same potato dextrose agar plate with a distance of 2.5 cm between them, and in the image, the pathogenic fungi are in the center, and HlJ-3 is around; a1 to a7 are negative controls, and the plates were cultured with a single pathogenic fungus. d1 to d2 are the effects of HlJ-3 on the mycelium of seven pathogenic fungi after standoff culture, respectively. c1 to c7 are mycelial controls, respectively.

Effect of strain HlJ-3 on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi: Mycelia at the junction of strain HlJ-3 and pathogenic fungi were picked and observed under the microscope. As can be seen in Fig. 8, compared with the control, the mycelium of C. coccodes, A. tenuissima, A. solani and C. scovillei showed different degrees of breakage, disappearance of septa, curved expansion and protoplasmic spillage after treatment with HlJ-3, among which the mycelium of C. coccodes had the greatest degree of ring-breaking, and the vesicles appeared in the middle of the mycelium. The effects on the mycelium of F. oxysporum, F. verticillioides and F. avenaceum were not significant.

The above results showed that HlJ-3 had strong teratogenic and bacteriostatic effects on four fungi (i.e., C. coccodes, A. tenuissima, A. solani, and C. scovillei ), which suggests the potential biocontrol function of HlJ-3 (Fig. 8).

Table 2 The inhibition rate of B. subtilis against pathogenic fungi (%).
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Discussion

A popular vegetable in China, cucumbers are produced for their anti-aging, diuretic, and oedema properties, as well as for their ability to dissipate heat and ease coughs. China is the world’s largest producer of cucumbers, with the largest planted area40. Although cucumbers are highly sought after in China, their quality and output have been negatively impacted by a number of diseases41. In this study, a cucumber disease was discovered in the field in Baiyin City, Gansu Province, China, which primarily infested cucumber stalks, its main symptoms were longitudinal surface cracking and drying, and its tissues were loose and whitish. The strain HlJ-3 was verified as the causative agent by Koch’s postulates, and was identified as B. subtilis. B. subtilis is generally considered non-pathogenic, and most of the laboratory cultures are considered contaminating or endophytic bacteria42. Since it is not generally pathogenic, three subsequent pathogenicity assays were performed in this study (The third pathogenicity results are shown in Supplementary Fig. 3), and all tests revealed that B. subtilis HlJ-3 was the pathogenic agent.

After inoculating cucumber stalks with HlJ-3, the disease firstly appeared as water-soaked, depressed onset site with a large amount of white to light yellow pus overflowing when humidity was high; later, the disease progressed to a middle stage where the stalks cracked and rotted longitudinally, leaving white scars at the onset site when humidity was lowered. Finally, the disease showed symptoms of soft-rotting and eventually caused the entire plant to wilt. The symptom was similar to the symptoms of the disease in the field while the control did not have the disease, which is similar to the symptoms of Melting Decay of ‘Red Globe’ Grapes32, and leaf mottle of sunflower reported in California and Northern Kazakhstan29, and the pathogen of both diseases is B. subtilis. However, compared with the symptoms in the field, the disease conditions were slightly different, which might be due to the different environmental conditions, host resistance, and the period when the pathogen infested the hosts, and the exact causes need to be further investigated.

Morphological culture and molecular identification are essential for differentiating complicated species within a genus for identifying diseases43,44. Since molecular biology technology has advanced recently, PCR and multigene identification techniques have become commonplace for species identification. These techniques allow for the quick identification of species based on their affinities45,46,47. However, it is hard to reliably discriminate between some subspecies and relatives of Bacillus spp. due to the variability of the 16s rRNA gene. To quickly identify species and analyze the evolutionary and genetic links between bacterial species, phylogenetic analyses have been used to 16s rRNA, gyrB, ropB, cheA, and gyrA gene sequences or gene fragments. The housekeeping genes gyrB, ropB, cheA, and gyrA, on the other hand, exhibit significantly higher genetic divergence48,49 because they are highly conserved and only exist in a single copy in all bacteria50. The gyrA gene may be utilized as a phylogenetic marker to differentiate between the B. subtilis group and related relatives because it encodes the DNA promoter enzyme A subunit, which regulates DNA superhelix and replication start51. This gene compensates for the limitations of the 16s rRNA gene. As a result, the gyrA gene gives a greater degree of differentiation compared to the gyrB, rpoB, and cheA genes 39. Following this, HlJ-3 morphology was found to be essentially comparable with that of B. subtilis, as documented in Berger’s manual of bacterial identification27,52. 16s rRNA and gyrA were utilized in this work to differentiate the taxonomic status of pathogenic bacteria to more precisely identify pathogenic bacteria. With bootstrap values greater than 99%, it was discovered that both gene sequences were grouped in the phylogenetic tree and were highly similar to B. subtilis, with more than 99% homology. Therefore, based on morphological characteristics and molecular biology, HlJ-3 was identified as B. subtilis causing cucumber gummy stem blight disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. subtilis causing cucumber gummy stem blight.

Six popular crops from four families—Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, and Poaceae—were chosen for the current study in order to further investigate the pathogenicity of HlJ-3 due to the paucity of references on the disease-causing potential of B. subtilis. Under needling conditions, HlJ-3 infected every inoculated crop in the research, except for maize. Three Solanaceae crop varieties—potato, tomato, and chilli—were shown to be infected in both wounding and non-wounding environments, suggesting that B. subtilis is a potent Solanaceae plant pathogen. HlJ-3 infested radish and melon under needling conditions, but strain HlJ-3 did not infest Brassicaceae radish and Cucurbitaceae melon under non-needling conditions, suggesting that strain HlJ-3 is an opportunistic pathogen. Among the six crops studied above, HlJ-3 (B. subtilis) infestation of potato and tomato has been reported, but not in chilli, radish and melon.

As Bacillus subtilis is often considered as in vitro biocontrol agent against a wide range of diseases including Colletotrichum spp53. , Fusarium spp54, Alternaria spp55 , Botrytis spp56. and Sclerotium spp57. Therefore, in the present study, strain HlJ-3 (B. subtilis) was evaluated using in vitro dual culture method against pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticillioides, venaceum, A. tenuissima, A. solani, C. scovillei and C. coccodes. The average antagonism value was greater than 58.15%, indicating that strain HlJ-3 possessed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and HlJ-3 showed the greatest inhibition of A. tenuissima and C. coccodes, which was more than 68%. In contrast, lower inhibition rates were reported in the studies of Wu and Lee58,59. Meanwhile, we observed a significant effect of HlJ-3 on the mycelial growth of A. tenuissima and C. coccodes, as evidenced by mycelial rupture, vesicles, curling, and swelling (Fig. 8), which is in agreement with the effects of B. subtilis on the mycelium of pathogenic fungi reported by Khan and Zhang60,61. These results suggest that strain HlJ-3 has special biocontrol properties and broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects against various common pathogenic fungi.

Generally, this is the first report of B. subtilis induced cucumber gummy stem blight disease in China. It offers a theoretical foundation for the disease’s diagnosis and comprehensive control, but more research is still needed to determine the pathogenic mechanism. In the meantime, its virulence to host plants should not be disregarded when B. subtilis is employed as a biological microbe for agricultural development, based on the pathogenicity of B. subtilis on cucumber in this work. Therefore, in order to lessen the drop in agricultural output brought on by the employment of B. subtilis as a biological agent, it is imperative to further validate the pathogen’s host range. Additionally, owing to the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of B. subtilis, effective antagonistic substances can be extracted from it for further bioanalysis in crop production.