Table 4 List of common compounds and their functions in methanolic P. betel leaves and N3 isolate extract identified by LC/MS.

1

(. + /-.)-10-Hydroxy-4Z,7Z,11E,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid

1,234,572

291,260

Antimicrobial

Browse (2009³⁹)

2

(. + /-.)-8-Hydroxy-4Z,6E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid

1,234,572

291,260

Fatty acid derivatives can act as regulators of plant growth

Pieterse et al. (2012)³⁷

3

(+ -)-2-cis-4-trans-Abscisic acid

16,942

186,839

Involved in the respons to abiotic and biotic stress

Wu et al. (2023)⁶⁶

4

(+ /-)-16(17)-Epoxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid

1,234,572

291,260

Like EPA and DHA, DPA is a substrate for synthesis of SPMs (resolvins and protectins) with biological activity

Goracci et al.²³

5

(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol

603,912

74,173

Antioxidant

Goracci et al.²³

6

(R)-Butaprost, free acid

205,320

10,747

Pharmacologically define the EP receptor expression profile

Mudge et al. (2010)

7

(S)-Perillic acid

6110

285,414

Antioxidant

Lafuente et al. (2021)⁴³ 

8

.delta.-Hexalactone

23,715

68,828

Antimicrobial

Lazazzara et al.²⁴

9

.gamma.-Hexalactone

23,715

68,828

Antifungal

Lazazzara et al.²⁴

10

.gamma.-Linolenic acid ethyl ester

1,493,324

33,086

Antimicrobial

Ali et al. 2019⁴⁴

11

1-(1Z-Octadecenyl)-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine

122,735

33,102

Cell maintaining membrane structure, fluidity and Lipid Metabolism

Pieterse et al. (2012)³⁷

12

1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrobenzylalcohol

312,008

592,628

Synthesis of various secondary metabolites such as lignin, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds

Vogt (2010)⁴⁰

13

1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate

32,037

14,227

Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers

Wasternack and Hause (2013)⁴¹

14

1,3-Bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane

21,170

19,878

Maintaining a stable pH is essential to preserve protein .structure and function

Scopes (1994)⁵⁴

15

1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-

98,345

98,345

rotect cells from osmotic stress

Yancey et al. (1982)⁵⁵

16

1,3-Dimethyluracil

25,970

96,222

Antibacterial

Bhattacharya et al. (2020)⁵⁶

17

11-Keto-.beta.-boswellic acid

271,364

390,865

Antioxidant

Goracci et al.²³

18

15-Deoxy-.DELTA.12,14-prostaglandin J2

10,846

56,303

Antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant

Li et al. (2019)

19

16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin A2

129,179

58,515

Active in various plant functions such as flowering, enzyme synthesis, seed germination, and permeability

Corpas et al.²⁸

20

16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E1

218,635

323,336

Active in various plant functions such as flowering, enzyme synthesis, seed germination, and permeability

Corpas et al.²⁸

21

17.beta.-Hydroxy Wortmannin

57,461

59,883

Crucial role in vesicular trafficking and organelle dynamics within plant cells

Riaz et al.²²

22

18.alpha.-Glycyrrhetinic acid

271,364

390,865

Antimicrobial

Dorokhov et al. (2018)48

23

2-(14,15-Epoxyeicosatrienoyl)glycerol

205,320

10,747

Role in regulating plant growth and development

Riaz et al.²²

24

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)acetic acid

6553

494,269

acid may promote adventitious root formation (the development of roots from non-root tissues) in certain plants

Bers (2002)59

25

2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol

603,912

74,173

Antioxidant

Sharma et al.¹⁷

26

Amprolium cation

86,685

13,140

It is a thiamine antagonist, blocking the thiamine receptors, thus preventing carbohydrate synthesis

Wasternack and Hause (2013)41

27

Cholecalciferol

110,507

103,620

It plays an important role in the form of D2 (ergocalciferol)

Johnson et al.²¹

28

cis-5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid

50,992

33,086

Role in Lipid Metabolism

Li-Beisson et al. (2013)60

29

D-erythro-Sphingosine-1-phosphate

39,123

20,849

Regulation of guard cells and stomatal closure

Ng et al. (2001)61

30

Desmosterol

110,507

103,620

Plant Growth and Development

Men and Boutté (2018)62

31

Dihydrocapsaicin

34,078

15,216

Antifungal

Johnson et al.²¹

32

Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester

4,866,906

468,929

Reduces the triglyceride (TG) levels

Bays et al. (2011)51

33

Glutaraldehyde

7954

820,229

Kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins

Al-Muhanna et al. (2014)63

34

Jasmine lactone

262,957

20,799

Growth, development, senescence, defense, and tolerance to abiotic stresses

Browse (2009)39

35

Linolenic acid ethyl ester

1,493,324

33,086

Chilling tolerance

Liu et al. (2021)58

36

Medroxyprogesterone

1,234,572

291,260

Plant growth and development, as well as its response to stress

Li et al. (2022)57

37

N-(.beta.-Ketocaproyl)-L-homoserine lactone

28,703

17,420

Plant Defense Responses

Johnson et al.²¹

38

Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester

4,866,906

468,929

Reduces the triglyceride (TG) levels

Al-Muhanna et al. (2014)63

39

Palmitoyl 3-carbacyclic phosphatidic acid

24,234

16,992

Plant signaling, stress responses, and development

Munnik and Testerink (2009)64

40

Pinolenic acid ethyl ester

50,992

33,086

Plant growth, deelopment, and stress responses

Men and Boutté (2018)62

41

Prostaglandin E2 p-acetamidophenyl ester

1,014,408

3,709,712

Flowering, enzyme synthesis, seed germination, and permeability

Corpas et al.²⁸

42

Venlafaxine

118,655

34,176

Induce oxidative stress in plants

Calderón-Preciado et al. (2011)⁶⁵

43

Zymosterol

110,507

103,620

Integral components of plant cell membranes. They help maintain membrane homeostasis by regulating fluidity and permeability

Munnik and Testerink (2009)⁶⁴