Fig. 5

Both COVID-19 and NMDAR Antagonist Pre-treatment Modulate Astrocytic Response. GFAP fluorescent (FL) Intensity. Data points are representative of sections in pons and medulla. (a) Images of sections representing immunofluorescent staining for GFAP from the medulla of a COVID-19 negative brain and COVID-19 positive brain from each key treatment group. Key groups include those sacrificed 10 days post-inoculation. (b) GFAP FL intensity of subjects negative for COVID-19 according to drug treatment. All animals were sacrificed 10 days post-virus inoculation. N = 5–18 sections per group. (c) GFAP FL intensity of COVID-19 Positive Saline treated subjects over time. N = 12–15 sections per group. (d) GFAP FL intensity of COVID-19 Positive Memantine treated subjects over time. N = 2–11 sections per group. (e) GFAP FL intensity of COVID-19 Positive Ifenprodil treated subjects over time. N = 10–14 sections per group. All results reported as mean FL intensity + /− S.E.M. with *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 as shown, and ## < 0.01 respective to Covid-19 Positive Saline Day 10.