Table 6 Adjusted beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals of refractive error change by air pollutants according to age, stratified by sex.

From: Association between outdoor air pollutant exposure and refractive error changes: A retrospective clinical practice study

 

Change of refractive error

PM2.5

CO

NOx

O3

SO2

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Full

Male

Age

5 ~ 6$

−0.24(−0.30,−0.18)***

−12.39(−15.87,−8.91)***

−0.30(−0.39,−0.22)***

−0.10(−0.13,−0.07)***

−1.69(−2.16,−1.22)***

7 ~ 9$

−0.31(−0.38,−0.25)***

−16.76(−20.73,−12.79)***

−0.40(−0.50,−0.31)***

−0.14(−0.18,−0.11)***

−2.28(−2.82,−1.74)***

10 ~ 12$

−0.20(−0.27,−0.12)***

−9.53(−14.54,−4.53)***

−0.22(−0.34,−0.11)***

−0.09(−0.13,−0.04)***

−1.27(−1.94,−0.60)***

Female

Age

5 ~ 6$

−0.39(−0.45,−0.33)***

−16.52(−20.19,−12.85)***

−0.41(−0.50,−0.32)***

−0.13(−0.16,−0.10)***

−2.26(−2.76,−1.76)***

7 ~ 9$

−0.32(−0.40,−0.24)***

−13.50(−18.48,−8.52)***

−0.33(−0.45,−0.21)***

−0.11(−0.16,−0.07)***

−1.85(−2.53,−1.18)***

10 ~ 12$

−0.24(−0.32,−0.15)***

−11.54(−16.94,−6.14)***

−0.27(−0.40,−0.15)***

−0.10(−0.15,−0.05)***

−1.55(−2.28,−0.83)***

IQR

Male

Age

5 ~ 6

−0.32(−0.40,−0.23)***

−0.25(−0.33,−0.17)***

−0.24(−0.32,−0.15)***

−0.22(−0.30,−0.14)***

−0.25(−0.33,−0.17)***

7 ~ 9

−0.45(−0.54,−0.35)***

−0.37(−0.47,−0.28)***

−0.36(−0.46,−0.26)***

−0.36(−0.46,−0.26)***

−0.37(−0.46,−0.27)***

10 ~ 12

−0.28(−0.40,−0.17)***

−0.18(−0.30,−0.06)**

−0.18(−0.30,−0.06)**

−0.19(−0.31,−0.06)**

−0.18(−0.30,−0.05)**

Female

Age

5 ~ 6

−0.49(−0.58,−0.41)***

−0.32(−0.41,−0.24)***

−0.33(−0.42,−0.24)***

−0.29(−0.37,−0.20)***

−0.32(−0.40,−0.23)***

7 ~ 9

−0.48(−0.61,−0.36)***

−0.30(−0.43,−0.18)***

−0.29(−0.42,−0.16)***

−0.30(−0.43,−0.18)***

−0.29(−0.42,−0.16)***

10 ~ 12

−0.41(−0.54,−0.27)***

−0.31(−0.44,−0.17)***

−0.33(−0.47,−0.19)***

−0.29(−0.43,−0.15)***

−0.31(−0.45,−0.17)***

  1. Adjusted β: for age, sex, systemic lupus erythromatosus, asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, Kawasaki disease, atropine, OK lens and urbanization.
  2. *** P < 0.001; $: all numbers are multiplied by 10,000.
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