Table 7 Adjusted beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals of refractive error change by air pollutants according to urbanization.

From: Association between outdoor air pollutant exposure and refractive error changes: A retrospective clinical practice study

 

Change of refractive error

PM2.5

CO

NOx

O3

SO2

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Adjusted β (95%CI)

Full

Urbanization

Rural$

−0.37(−0.49,−0.25)***

−20.20(−27.32,−13.08)***

−0.50(−0.67,−0.33)***

−0.16(−0.22,−0.10)***

−2.76(−3.72,−1.79)***

Sub-urban$

−0.32(−0.36,−0.28)***

−14.25(−16.75,−11.75)***

−0.35(−0.41,−0.29)***

−0.12(−0.14,−0.10)***

−1.93(−2.27,−1.59)***

Urban$

−0.28(−0.32,−0.23)***

−13.54(−16.15,−10.93)***

−0.33(−0.39,−0.26)***

−0.12(−0.14,−0.09)***

−1.84(−2.19,−1.49)***

IQR

Urbanization

Rural

−0.49(−0.68,−0.30)***

−0.26(−0.44,−0.07)**

−0.27(−0.45,−0.09)**

−0.26(−0.44,−0.08)**

−0.25(−0.43,−0.07)**

Sub-urban

−0.44(−0.50,−0.38)***

−0.30(−0.36,−0.24)***

−0.30(−0.36,−0.24)***

−0.28(−0.34,−0.22)***

−0.30(−0.36,−0.24)***

Urban

−0.40(−0.46,−0.33)***

−0.30(−0.37,−0.24)***

−0.30(−0.36,−0.24)***

−0.29(−0.35,−0.23)***

−0.30(−0.36,−0.23)***

  1. Adjusted β: for age, sex, systemic lupus erythromatosus, asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, Kawasaki disease, atropine, and OK lens.
  2. ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; $: all numbers are multiplied by 10,000.
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