Table 5 Association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and DR stratified by sex in median analysis.

From: The association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with diabetes: NHANES 2009–2014

 

Low urinary level (≤ 50%)

 

High urinary level (> 50%)

OR (95%CI)

P-value

OR (95%CI)

P-value

Men

   

1-methyluric acid (1-MU)

Reference

 

1.77 (0.84, 3.73)

0.126

3-methyluric acid (3-MU)

Reference

 

0.89 (0.26, 3.05)

0.845

7-methyluric acid (7-MU)

Reference

 

0.54 (0.15, 1.94)

0.334

1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU)

Reference

 

2.51 (1.14, 5.51)

0.023

1,7-dimethyluric acid (1,7-DMU)

Reference

 

2.75 (1.33, 5.70)

0.008

3,7-dimethyluric acid (3,7-DMU)

Reference

 

0.75 (0.23, 2.41)

0.620

1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (1,3,7-TMU)

Reference

 

2.26 (1.02, 5.01)

0.044

1-methylxanthine (1-MX)

Reference

 

1.18 (0.42, 3.32)

0.750

3-methylxanthine (3-MX)

Reference

 

1.05 (0.28, 3.96)

0.936

7-methylxanthine (7-MX)

Reference

 

1.04 (0.35, 3.13)

0.932

1,3-dimethylxanthine (theophylline)

Reference

 

1.56 (0.63, 3.86)

0.328

1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine)

Reference

 

1.64 (0.76, 3.53)

0.197

3,7-dimethylxanthine (theobromine)

Reference

 

1.08 (0.42, 2.80)

0.870

1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (caffeine)

Reference

 

3.23 (1.53, 6.82)

0.003

5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil (AAMU)

Reference

 

2.93 (1.16, 7.40)

0.024

Women

   

1-methyluric acid (1-MU)

Reference

 

0.78 (0.33, 1.88)

0.578

3-methyluric acid (3-MU)

Reference

 

1.24 (0.36, 4.28)

0.725

7-methyluric acid (7-MU)

Reference

 

1.02 (0.39, 2.68)

0.957

1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU)

Reference

 

0.49 (0.22, 1.07)

0.070

1,7-dimethyluric acid (1,7-DMU)

Reference

 

1.41 (0.58, 3.40)

0.432

3,7-dimethyluric acid (3,7-DMU)

Reference

 

1.86 (0.86, 4.03)

0.113

1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (1,3,7-TMU)

Reference

 

1.06 (0.47, 2.36)

0.890

1-methylxanthine (1-MX)

Reference

 

0.68 (0.30, 1.53)

0.338

3-methylxanthine (3-MX)

Reference

 

0.61 (0.24, 1.57)

0.293

7-methylxanthine (7-MX)

Reference

 

0.58 (0.27, 1.25)

0.158

1,3-dimethylxanthine (theophylline)

Reference

 

0.51 (0.20, 1.31)

0.156

1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine)

Reference

 

0.70 (0.29, 1.71)

0.427

3,7-dimethylxanthine (theobromine)

Reference

 

0.72 (0.36, 1.43)

0.330

1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (caffeine)

Reference

 

1.34 (0.53, 3.38)

0.527

5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil (AAMU)

Reference

 

0.84 (0.38, 1.86)

0.649

  1. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidential interval.
  2. Model was adjusted for age, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, hypertension, and total energy intake.
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