Table 3 Leaf anatomical characteristics of differently adapted ecotypes of Sporobolus ioclados Nees ex Trin. from the Cholistan Desert under salt stress.

From: Phytoremediation of hypersaline soils by salt excretory C₄ halophytic pan dropseed grass (Sporobolus ioclados Nees ex Trin.) through alteration in foliar architecture

Habitat →	LSE			MSE			HSE
Salt levels→	0 mM	150 mM	300 mM	0 mM	150 mM	300 mM	0 mM	150 mM	300 mM
Morphological characteristics
MLN	55.3 ± 3.4aD	46.4 ± 2.1bE	42.4 ± 2.5cG	58.2 ± 3.2aC	55.3 ± 3.4cD	56.2 ± 2.4bD	44.4 ± 2.5cF	60.2 ± 2.0bB	62.2 ± 3.5aA
MLA	115.8 ± 8.8aE	107.4 ± 8.5bF	58.5 ± cG	197.1 ± 12.5aA	189.5 ± 12.4bB	168.5 ± 12.4cC	132.2 ± 8.7cD	164.8 ± 10.2bC	189.4 ± 11.4aB
MRF	12.1 ± 0.5aC	11.5 ± 0.7bD	9.6 ± 0.4cF	10.6 ± 0.7cE	11.4 ± 0.6bD	13.8 ± 0.9aB	10.3 ± 4.7cE	14.7 ± 0.9aA	13.8 ± 0.7bB
MSF	6.6 ± 0.3bD	7.2 ± 0.4aBC	6.5 ± 0.2bD	7.3 ± 0.3bB	6.8 ± 0.3cCD	8.5 ± 0.4aA	7.2 ± 0.3bB	7.6 ± 0.3bB	8.9 ± 0.4aA
MLF	15.8 ± 1.1bE	14.6 ± 0.8cF	17.6 ± 1.1aBC	16.3 ± 1.1cE	17.9 ± 1.1aB	17.4 ± 1.3bC	16.9 ± 0.8bD	18.3 ± 1.1aA	18.0 ± 1.1aA
MRD	3.6 ± 0.1bC	3.9 ± 0.2aB	3.8 ± 0.1abBC	3.8 ± 0.2aBC	3.8 ± 0.1aBC	3.9 ± 0.2aB	3.7 ± 0.1bBC	3.7 ± 0.1bBC	4.2 ± 0.2aA
MSD	1.2 ± 0.01bC	1.5 ± 0.01aA	1.1 ± 0.01bCD	1.3 ± 0.1aBC	1.1 ± 0.01ab	0.9 ± 0.01bD	1.5 ± 0.01aAB	1.6 ± 0.01aA	1.7 ± 0.1aA
MLD	3.5 ± 0.1cE	4.4 ± 0.2bC	4.7 ± 0.2aB	4.1 ± 0.2bD	4.8 ± 0.2aB	4.1 ± 0.1bD	3.9 ± 0.1bD	4.9 ± 0.2aAB	5.1 ± 0.2aA
Leaf sheath anatomy
HTh	187.4 ± 12.4cE	325.1 ± 15.5aB	266.1 ± 18.6bD	177.7 ± 13.8aE	158.4 ± 10.6b	154.8 ± 9.8bF	373.5 ± 16.7aA	314.1 ± 22.5bB	289.6 ± 18.7cC
HDE	77.6 ± 4.4cE	177.5 ± 12.4bB	309.6 ± 19.4aA	38.6 ± 1.9cF	116.8 ± 8.7b	155.5 ± 10.7aC	309.7 ± 22.7aA	114.7 ± 8.8bD	78.1 ± 3.6cE
HBE	154.6 ± 10.6cE	461.8 ± 24.7aA	290.5 ± 17.6bD	74.3 ± 5.3cG	135.4 ± 9.8bF	309.8 ± 19.9aD	154.3 ± 10.2cE	348.5 ± 22.6bC	405.3 ± 24.6aB
HCC	929.9 ± 77.8bC	3795.5 ± 167.6aA	834.7 ± 50.7cD	159.8 ± 10.5cG	278.4 ± 18.5aE	234.6 ± 15.4bF	185.3 ± 15.6cG	1233.3 ± 98.8aB	948.5 ± 56.7bC
HST	10.4 ± 0.9cG	49.7 ± 2.2bB	58.1 ± 2.4aA	9.3 ± 0.4cG	21.4 ± 1.4bF	29.2 ± 1.7aE	9.3 ± 0.5c	36.8 ± b1.5D	42.6 ± 2.4aC
HVB	5421.3 ± 234.8cG	8364.8 ± 524.9aD	7617.7 ± 565.4bE	9349.4 ± 773.6aC	4879.9 ± 398.6bG	3484.6 ± 279.6cH	6971.1 ± 455.6cF	11,075.8 ± 897.6bB	13,016.7 ± 998.5aA
HMX	38.5 ± 1.9bF	387.9 ± 14.7aE	396.9 ± 21.8aE	382.5 ± 19.9cE	789.6 ± 55.7bD	1540.7 ± 100.5aA	1546.6 ± 101.7aA	1363.8 ± 101.8bB	1248.5 ± 99.7cC
HPA	1626.4 ± 110.5aC	1557.3 ± 100.9bD	1425.7 ± 95.9cE	929.6 ± 85.3aG	463.1 ± 25.7bH	308.4 ± 18.8cI	1236.9 ± 101.5cF	2163.8 ± 176.4bB	2891.5 ± 178.6aA
Leaf blade anatomy
LTh	236.4 ± 17.4aC	217.7 ± 15.6bD	187.1 ± 12.5cF	296.3 ± 21.4aA	253.8 ± 19.4bB	215.3 ± 15.6cE	291.7 ± 25.1aA	221.4 ± 14.5bD	215.7 ± 15.6bD
LST	10.2 ± 0.8cF	21.3 ± 1.4bE	29.5 ± 1.5aD	30.6 ± 2.4cD	39.2 ± 1.5bC	42.5 ± 2.2aB	19.7 ± 1.1cE	38.6 ± 1.9bC	44.6 ± 2.8aA
LDE	38.1 ± 1.9cD	59.3 ± 3.5bC	77.8 ± 4.5aB	37.4 ± 2.4cD	59.4 ± 3.4bC	77.0 ± 4.4aB	36.3 ± 2.1cD	74.6 ± 5.2bB	85.2 ± 6.1aA
LBE	84.6 ± cE	95.1 ± 6.4bD	157.4 ± 10.6aAB	37.3 ± 1.8cG	135.7 ± 9.8bC	152.9 ± 12.8aB	19.5 ± 1.1cH	71.6 ± 5.4bF	158.3 ± 12.6aA
LBC	372.3 ± 30.8aE	150.6 ± 10.4bF	93.4 ± 7.2cG	2205.8 ± 199.8aA	1106.6 ± 86.4b	1069.0 ± 95.4cC	432.6 ± 33.5aD	91.4 ± 6.4bG	67.5 ± 5.3cH
LVB	1549.3 ± 143.5bI	1592.7 ± 135.6aH	1239.9 ± 115.4cG	11,628.0 ± 886.4aA	8514.2 ± 756.7bB	6970.2 ± 577.4cC	3253.7 ± 255.6cF	4137.5 ± 345.8bE	4957.6 ± 373.5aD
LMX	65.34 ± 4.3cDE	123.6 ± 7.6bB	158.8 ± 12.6aA	61.4 ± 3.5cE	67.4 ± 4.4bD	73.0 ± 5.7aD	62.8 ± 4.8cE	117.5 ± 8.3bC	161.6 ± 13.4aA
LPA	876.4 ± 65.7bE	1013.8 ± 88.7aD	781.6 ± 70.7cF	1947.9 ± 166.3aA	1116.6 ± 97..5bB	1097.6 ± 99.4cC	1083.7 ± 95.4aC	659.6 ± 55.9bG	537.7 ± 35.6cH
Epidermal appendages
LDM	34.2 ± 2.2cE	43.6 ± 2.2bE	48.3 ± 2.3aC	32.4 ± 2.1cF	46.3 ± 2.5bD	48.2 ± 2.3aC	29.3 ± 1.6cG	53.5 ± 2.1bB	69.3 ± 3.3aA
LBM	19.3 ± 0.9cH	58.3 ± 3.8bE	61.4 ± 0.3aD	37.5 ± 2.5cG	59.2 ± 2.7bE	63.7 ± 3.4aC	43.9 ± 1.9cF	68.54 ± 4.3bB	76.5 ± 5.4aA
LTD	3.5 ± 0.1cE	3.9 ± 0.1bE	4.2 ± 0.2aDE	2.6 ± 1.0cF	3.6 ± 0.1bE	4.7 ± 1.8aD	4.0 ± 0.1cC	8.1 ± 0.5bB	14.6 ± 1.1aA
LTL	15.2 ± 1.1cG	65.6 ± 4.3bE	143.3 ± 11.4aC	18.5 ± 1.0cG	53.3 ± 2.7bF	65.4 ± 3.2aE	121.1 ± 9.4cD	169.7 ± 11.8bB	208.5 ± 15.6aA
LDS	28.5 ± 1.6aD	24.6 ± 1.5bE	23.9 ± 1.5cF	33.3 ± 1.4aA	29.3 ± 1.5bC	28.5 ± 1.3cD	32.7 ± 1.5aB	29.4 ± 1.6bC	28.2 ± 1.4cD
LBS	25.4 ± 1.2cE	37.5 ± 2.3bC	49.2 ± 3.2aA	36.4 ± 1.2aC	33.2 ± 1.7bD	25.4 ± 1.1cE	39.1 ± 2.3aB	37.2 ± 2.3bC	34.6 ± 1.9cD
LDA	345.5 ± 25.6aBC	317.6 ± 19.8bD	314.4 ± 24.3bD	382.1 ± 20.7aA	365.3 ± 2.1bB	338.3 ± 20.4cC	128.3 ± 0.9aE	137.2 ± 1.1aE	134.3 ± 9.8aE
LBA	314.6 ± 20.7aD	283.7 ± 22.5bE	271.3 ± 22.1cF	370.2 ± 20.4aA	351.5 ± 19.4b	343.6 ± 21.7cC	276.3a ± 20.7F	212.4 ± 15.8bG	194.9 ± 12.6cH

Means with similar letters (a, b or c) for each habitat are statistically non- significant at p ≤ 0.05. Small letter indicate comparison within treatments, while capital letters indicate comparison of overall means. Ecotypes: LSE − Least saline ecotype, MSE − Moderately saline ecotype, HSE − Highest saline ecotype. Morphological characteristics: MLN − Number of leaves (plant⁻¹). MLA − Total leaf area (cm²), MRF − Root fresh weight (g plant⁻¹), MSF − Stem fresh weight (g plant⁻¹), MLF − Leaf fresh weight (g plant⁻¹), MRD − Root dry weight (g plant⁻¹), MSD − Stem dry weight (g plant⁻¹), MLD − Leaf dry weight (g plant⁻¹). Leaf sheath anatomy: HTh − Leaf sheath thickness (µm), HDE − Adaxial epidermal cell area (µm²), HBE − Abaxial epidermal cell area (µm²), HCC − Parenchymatous cell area (µm²), HST − Sclerenchyma thickness (µm), HVB − Vascular bundle area (µm²), HMX − Metaxylem area (µm²), HPA − Phloem area (µm²). Leaf blade anatomy: LTh − Leaf thickness (µm), LST − Sclerenchymatous thickness (µm), LDE − Adaxial epidermal cell area (µm²), LBE − Abaxial epidermal cell area (µm²), LBC − Bulliform cell area (µm²), LVB − Vascular bundle area (µm²), LMX − Metaxylem area (µm²), LPA − Phloem area (µm²). Epidermal appendages: LDM − Adaxial microhair density, LBM − Abaxial microhair density, LTD − Trichome density, LTL − Trichome length (µm), LDS − Adaxial stomatal density, LBS − Abaxial stomatal density, LDA − Adaxial stomatal area (µm²), LBA − Abaxial stomatal area (µm²).

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Table 3 Leaf anatomical characteristics of differently adapted ecotypes of Sporobolus ioclados Nees ex Trin. from the Cholistan Desert under salt stress.

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