Table 4 Summary of some previous studies on the studied pharmaceutical micropollutants.

Zebrafish

(0.5 mg/L) Behavioral and neuroendocrine alterations

Increased inflammation

^138,139

Stickleback

(0–1280 μg/L) Renal hematopoietic hyperplasia

Jaw lesions

Hepatocellular vacuolation

¹⁴⁰

Labeo rohita

(1–50 µg/L) Oxidative liver damage and inflammation

¹⁴¹

Oryzias latipes

(0.5 mg /L ) Reduced survival and endocrine disruption

¹⁴²

Abramis brama

and Rutilus rutilus

(6–32 ng/ mL) Bioaccumulation in bile

¹⁴³

Zebrafish

(1–100 μg/L ) Expression alterations of antioxidant genes in the intestine and liver

¹⁴⁴

Oncorhynchus mykiss

(1.6 μg/L) Bioaccumulation in bile

²⁶

Lumbriculus variegatus

(0.596 mg/ L) Increased lipid peroxidation concentrations

¹⁴⁵

Oreochromis niloticus

(4 × 10⁻¹⁰—4 × 10⁻⁷ M) Gill alterations and potential reproductive impairment

¹⁴⁶

Zebrafish

(0.03–3 mg/L) Altered β-adrenergic receptor expression; oxidative stress

¹⁴⁷

Danio rerio larvea

(0.05–500 mg L) Minimal behavioral impact

⁶