Table 3 Comparison of mean ± sd of visceral fat, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, and vitamin D after the intervention among the groups.

From: Aerobic training and vitamin D modulate hepatic miRNA expression to improve lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes

Variables

AT

HD

MD

C

P-Value a

Insulin (µU/ml)

3.81 ± 0.03 αµ¥

4.52 ± 0.03 µ¥

4.90 ± 0.02 ¥

6.21 ± 0.02

0.002 €

Glucose (mmol/L)

233.37 ± 1.68 αµ¥

240.62 ± 2.66 µ¥

266.37 ± 2.66 ¥

292.87 ± 2.90

0.001 €

HOMA-IR

2.19 ± 0.02 αµ¥

2.68 ± 0.04 µ¥

3.22 ± 0.04 ¥

4.49 ± 0.04

0.011 €

Vitamin D (nmol/L)

86.37 ± 2.26 αµ¥

140.62 ± 2.13 µ¥

122.62 ± 2.32 ¥

80.12 ± 2.03

0.001 €

TC (mg/dL)

73.12 ± 0.83 αµ¥

82.87 ± 0.79 ¥

83.75 ± 1.28 ¥

97.37 ± 1.30

0.001 €

TG (mg/dL)

54.87 ± 2.03 αµ¥

66.50 ± 2.32 ¥

67.62 ± 6.52 ¥

83.87 ± 3.09

0.001 €

LDL (mg/dL)

65.75 ± 2.25 αµ¥

73.87 ± 2.03 ¥

76.12 ± 1.24 ¥

89.75 ± 2.37

0.003 €

HDL (mg/dL)

31.12 ± 1.45 αµ¥

26.25 ± 1.90 ¥

23.23 ± 1.59 ¥

19.50 ± 2.44

0.002 €

LDL/HDL (mg/dL)

0.473 ± 0.012 αµ¥

0.355 ± 0.027 ¥

0.307 ± 0.018 ¥

0.217 ± 0.026

0.001 €

  1. HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, TC Total Cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, LDL Low-Density Lipoprotein, HDL High-Density Lipoprotein, D + AT + oil Diabetic + Aerobic Training + Sesame Oil, HD Diabetic + High Dose of Vitamin D, MD Diabetic + Moderate Dose of Vitamin D, D + C Diabetic + Sesame Oil.
  2. Data analysis was done by the analysis of one-way analysis of variance test followed by post hoc Tukey’s test; P†: Statistical analysis was done by paired sample t-test; P-Value aStatistical analysis was done by one-way analysis test; €: Significantly different comparing Δ between groups, *Significantly different in comparison pre- and post-within the groups, α: Significant difference with the HD group, µ: Significant difference with the MD group, ¥: Significant difference with the C group.
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