Table 1 Performance data under different time step lengths.

From: An LSTM-driven thermoelectric coupling response prediction method for shape memory alloy actuators

Sliding Window Time Step (Time Step)

Training Time (s)

Final Training Loss (MSE)

Final Test Loss (MSE)

1

419.54

1.23 × 10−4

1.21 × 10−4

2

342.09

2.1 × 10−5

2.2 × 10−5

3

339.40

1.4 × 10−5

1.4 × 10−5

4

346.18

1.0 × 10−5

1.1 × 10−5

5

363.75

1.1 × 10−5

1.0 × 10−5