Fig. 4
PCA plots and heatmaps illustrate intra-tumor proteomic heterogeneity across four tumor regions from 13 cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients. Each 3D PCA plot represents the proteomic profiles of four spatially distinct tumor regions (R1–R4) within a single patient. Each point corresponds to the proteome of a specific region, with the distance between points reflecting differences in protein expression. Accompanying heatmaps display the expression patterns of differentially expressed proteins across the same regions, providing complementary visualization of intra-tumor heterogeneity. Together, these plots highlight the varying degrees of proteomic diversity within individual CCA tumors.
