Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population and their parents.

From: Differential impact of maternal and paternal metabolic syndrome on offspring’s cardiometabolic risk factors

 

Male adolescents (n = 2785)

Female adolescents (n = 2460)

P

Study population

Age (years)

13.7 ± 2.5

13.8 ± 2.5

0.113

Height SDS

0.58 ± 1.07

0.43 ± 1.04

< 0.001*

Weight SDS

0.33 ± 1.21

0.22 ± 1.11

< 0.001*

WC SDS

-0.20 ± 1.13

-0.18 ± 1.11

0.529

BMI SDS

0.07 ± 1.29

0.02 ± 1.19

0.095

SBP (mmHg)

108.8 ± 10.7

104.2 ± 9.1

< 0.001*

DBP (mmHg)

66.3 ± 9.9

65.5 ± 8.1

0.003*

Glucose (mg/dL)

90.9 ± 6.8

89.5 ± 9.9

< 0.001*

T-C (mg/dL)

156.5 ± 27.0

163.4 ± 26.1

< 0.001*

TG (mg/dL)

82.4 ± 46.8

84.7 ± 41.9

0.065

HDL-C (mg/dL)

50.1 ± 9.9

52.6 ± 10.0

< 0.001*

LDL-C (mg/dL)

89.9 ± 23.3

93.9 ± 22.7

< 0.001*

Alcohol drinker (%)

689 (24.7%)

521 (21.2%)

0.003*

Smoker (%)

353 (12.7%)

124 (5.0%)

< 0.001*

Physical activity (%)

1026 (36.8%)

774 (31.5%)

< 0.001*

Rural residence (%)

455 (16.3%)

405 (16.5%)

0.932

Household income ≤ first quartile

130 (4.7%)

121 (4.9%)

0.719

T2DM diagnosis1 (%)

1 (0.1%)

0 (0%)

> 0.999

Hypertension diagnosis1 (%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

> 0.999

Dyslipidemia diagnosis1 (%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

> 0.999

Fathers of the subjects

Age (years)

45.8 ± 4.6

45.4 ± 4.5

0.002*

Height (cm)

171.4 ± 5.8

171.2 ± 5.8

0.116

Weight (kg)

72.8 ± 10.3

72.3 ± 10.5

0.063

WC (cm)

86.2 ± 8.4

85.7 ± 8.5

0.029*

BMI (kg/m2)

24.7 ± 3.0

24.6 ± 3.1

0.192

SBP (mmHg)

118.6 ± 14.1

118.6 ± 13.8

0.997

DBP (mmHg)

81.3 ± 10.3

81.2 ± 10.3

0.814

Glucose (mg/dL)

100.6 ± 20.7

101.0 ± 22.6

0.57

T-C (mg/dL)

195.5 ± 35.3

194.6 ± 35.5

0.364

TG (mg/dL)

154.6 ± 78.1

152.8 ± 77.7

0.399

HDL-C (mg/dL)

46.8 ± 10.8

46.7 ± 10.5

0.804

LDL-C (mg/dL)

117.8 ± 32.9

117.3 ± 32.4

0.616

Alcohol drinker (%)

2661 (95.5%)

2345 (95.3%)

0.750

Smoker (%)

2195 (78.8%)

1927 (78.3%)

0.696

Physical activity (%)

1751 (62.9%)

1471 (59.8%)

0.024*

Rural residence (%)

455 (16.3%)

405 (16.5%)

0.932

Household income ≤ first quartile

130 (4.7%)

121 (4.9%)

0.719

T2DM diagnosis1 (%)

146 (5.2%)

122 (5.0%)

0.688

Hypertension diagnosis1 (%)

363 (13.0%)

307 (12.5%)

0.576

Dyslipidemia diagnosis1 (%)

266 (9.6%)

233 (9.5%)

0.959

MetS1 (%)

913 (32.8%)

793 (32.2%)

0.695

Mothers of the subjects

Age (years)

42.9 ± 4.3

42.5 ± 4.3

0.002*

Height (cm)

158.9 ± 5.4

158.8 ± 5.3

0.498

Weight (kg)

58.6 ± 8.6

59.1 ± 9.4

0.071

WC (cm)

77.3 ± 8.5

77.7 ± 9.1

0.128

BMI (kg/m2)

23.2 ± 3.2

23.4 ± 3.4

0.032*

SBP (mmHg)

111.2 ± 14.2

110.4 ± 13.8

0.029*

DBP (mmHg)

73.9 ± 9.6

73.3 ± 9.6

0.011*

Glucose (mg/dL)

94.8 ± 19.0

94.7 ± 19.7

0.874

T-C (mg/dL)

187.4 ± 32.4

187.4 ± 31.9

0.992

TG (mg/dL)

98.0 ± 55.0

101.2 ± 58.6

0.041*

HDL-C (mg/dL)

54.3 ± 12.0

54.1 ± 12.0

0.489

LDL-C (mg/dL)

113.5 ± 28.7

113.1 ± 28.3

0.593

Alcohol drinker (%)

2474 (88.8%)

2221 (90.3%)

0.095

Smoker (%)

160 (5.7%)

156 (6.3%)

0.397

Physical activity (%)

1765 (63.4%)

1573 (63.9%)

0.691

Rural residence (%)

455 (16.3%)

405 (16.5%)

0.932

Household income ≤ first quartile

130 (4.7%)

121 (4.9%)

0.719

T2DM diagnosis1 (%)

57 (2.0%)

62 (2.5%)

0.291

Hypertension diagnosis1 (%)

176 (6.3%)

114 (4.6%)

0.009*

Dyslipidemia diagnosis1 (%)

129 (4.6%)

96 (3.9%)

0.218

MetS1 (%)

380 (13.6%)

320 (13.0%)

0.525

  1. SDS, standard deviation score; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; T-C, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; MetS, metabolic syndrome.
  2. 1Diagnoses of T2DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and MetS were based on participants’ responses to the health interview survey indicating prior physician diagnosis.
  3. *Statistically significant at P < 0.05.
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