Table 3 Comparisons of the adjusted means of cardiometabolic risk factors based on the presence of paternal and maternal metabolic syndrome.

From: Differential impact of maternal and paternal metabolic syndrome on offspring’s cardiometabolic risk factors

 

Male adolescents

Female adolescents

Yes (n = 913)

No (n = 1872)

Cohen’s d

P

Yes (n = 793)

No (n = 1667)

Cohen’s d

P

 

Presence of paternal MetS

WC SDS1

− 0.14 ± 0.04

− 0.24 ± 0.03

0.079

0.053

− 0.17 ± 0.04

0.19 ± 0.03

− 0.301†

0.790

BMI SDS1

0.10 ± 0.05

0.06 ± 0.03

0.029

0.510

0.09 ± 0.05

0.05 ± 0.03

0.031

0.510

SBP (mmHg)2

109.3 ± 0.4

108.5 ± 0.2

0.077

0.080

105.3 ± 0.3

103.7 ± 0.2

0.179

< 0.001*

DBP (mmHg)2

66.6 ± 0.3

66.1 ± 0.2

0.055

0.205

66.4 ± 0.3

65.1 ± 0.2

0.147

0.002*

Glucose (mg/dL)2

91.5 ± 0.2

90.7 ± 0.2

0.114

0.009*

89.4 ± 0.4

89.5 ± 0.3

− 0.011

0.818

T-C (mg/dL)2

158.8 ± 1.0

155.4 ± 0.6

0.123

0.005*

163.6 ± 1.0

163.3 ± 0.7

0.012

0.802

TG (mg/dL)2

89.8 ± 1.6

78.8 ± 1.1

0.231†

< 0.001*

87.4 ± 1.6

83.4 ± 1.1

0.092

0.048*

HDL-C (mg/dL)2

48.7 ± 0.3

50.8 ± 0.2

− 0.208†

< 0.001*

51.5 ± 0.4

53.1 ± 0.3

− 0.149

0.001*

LDL-C (mg/dL)2

92.1 ± 0.8

88.8 ± 0.6

0.137

0.002*

94.6 ± 0.9

93.5 ± 0.6

0.044

0.341

 

Male adolescents

Female adolescents

Yes (n = 380)

No (n = 2405)

Cohen’s d

P

Yes (n = 320)

No (n = 2140)

Cohen’s d

P

 

Presence of maternal MetS

WC SDS3

− 0.12 ± 0.06

0.22 ± 0.02

− 0.302†

0.160

− 0.01 ± 0.07

− 0.21 ± 0.02

0.179

0.003*

BMI SDS3

0.06 ± 0.07

0.07 ± 0.03

− 0.005

0.858

0.09 ± 0.07

0.10 ± 0.03

− 0.007

0.858

SBP (mmHg)4

110.5 ± 0.5

108.5 ± 0.2

0.213†

< 0.001*

105.2 ± 0.5

104.1 ± 0.2

0.130

0.043*

DBP (mmHg)4

67.6 ± 0.5

66.0 ± 0.2

0.172

0.003*

66.3 ± 0.5

65.4 ± 0.2

0.107

0.101

Glucose (mg/dL)4

91.6 ± 0.4

90.9 ± 0.1

0.102

0.080

89.8 ± 0.6

89.4 ± 0.2

0.035

0.571

T-C (mg/dL)4

160.4 ± 1.5

155.8 ± 0.5

0.167

0.004*

167.5 ± 1.6

162.8 ± 0.6

0.177

0.006*

TG (mg/dL)4

95.5 ± 2.5

80.4 ± 0.9

0.332†

< 0.001*

95.3 ± 2.5

83.1 ± 0.9

0.286†

< 0.001*

HDL-C (mg/dL)4

47.7 ± 0.5

50.5 ± 0.2

− 0.284†

< 0.001*

51.1 ± 0.6

52.8 ± 0.2

− 0.173

0.006*

LDL-C (mg/dL)4

93.6 ± 1.3

89.3 ± 0.5

0.180

0.002*

97.4 ± 1.4

93.4 ± 0.5

0.166

0.007*

  1. MetS, metabolic syndrome; SDS, standard deviation score; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; T-C, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  2. 1Adjusted means were estimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after adjustment for age, alcohol drinking, smoking, rural residence, household income, paternal age, paternal BMI according to the presence of paternal MetS.
  3. 2Adjusted means were estimated using ANCOVA after adjustment for age, BMI standard deviation score (SDS), alcohol drinking, smoking, rural residence, household income, paternal age, paternal BMI according to the presence of paternal MetS.
  4. 3Adjusted means were estimated using ANCOVA after adjustment for age, alcohol drinking, smoking, rural residence, household income, maternal age, maternal BMI according to the presence of maternal MetS.
  5. 4Adjusted means were estimated using ANCOVA after adjustment for age, BMI SDS, alcohol drinking, smoking, rural residence, household income, maternal age, maternal BMI according to the presence of maternal MetS.
  6. *Statistically significant at P < 0.05.
  7. †Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) interpreted based on absolute values: 0.2–0.5 as small. No medium or large effects observed.
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