Table 1 Participants characteristics by categories of dietary zinc intake.
From: Dietary zinc intake associated with stroke in American adults
Characteristic | Zinc intake, mg/d | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Q1 (≤ 6.08) | Q2 (6.09–8.83) | Q3 (8.84–13.02) | Q4 (≥ 13.03) | P value | |
Number | 2642 | 660 | 660 | 661 | 661 | |
Age (year), Mean ± SD | 62.8 ± 11.4 | 64.0 ± 11.1 | 63.6 ± 11.5 | 62.8 ± 11.1 | 60.7 ± 11.6 | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 1224 (46.3) | 228 (34.5) | 240 (36.4) | 329 (49.8) | 427 (64.6) | |
Female | 1418 (53.7) | 432 (65.5) | 420 (63.6) | 332 (50.2) | 234 (35.4) | |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 1134 (42.9) | 249 (37.7) | 282 (42.7) | 290 (43.9) | 313 (47.4) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 671 (25.4) | 203 (30.8) | 169 (25.6) | 159 (24.1) | 140 (21.2) | |
Mexican American | 311 (11.8) | 67 (10.2) | 71 (10.8) | 75 (11.3) | 98 (14.8) | |
Others | 526 (19.9) | 141 (21.4) | 138 (20.9) | 137 (20.7) | 110 (16.6) | |
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Married or living with partner | 1584 (60.0) | 365 (55.3) | 378 (57.3) | 405 (61.3) | 436 (66) | |
Living alone | 1058 (40.0) | 295 (44.7) | 282 (42.7) | 256 (38.7) | 225 (34) | |
Education level (years), n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
< High school | 272 (10.3) | 93 (14.1) | 72 (10.9) | 66 (10) | 41 (6.2) | |
High school | 969 (36.7) | 268 (40.6) | 234 (35.5) | 236 (35.7) | 231 (34.9) | |
> High school | 1401 (53.0) | 299 (45.3) | 354 (53.6) | 359 (54.3) | 389 (58.9) | |
Family income, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Low | 844 (31.9) | 286 (43.3) | 204 (30.9) | 189 (28.6) | 165 (25) | |
Medium | 1018 (38.5) | 228 (34.5) | 274 (41.5) | 256 (38.7) | 260 (39.3) | |
High | 780 (29.5) | 146 (22.1) | 182 (27.6) | 216 (32.7) | 236 (35.7) | |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.025 | |||||
Never | 1332 (50.4) | 351 (53.2) | 347 (52.6) | 327 (49.5) | 307 (46.4) | |
Current | 854 (32.3) | 183 (27.7) | 205 (31.1) | 229 (34.6) | 237 (35.9) | |
Former | 456 (17.3) | 126 (19.1) | 108 (16.4) | 105 (15.9) | 117 (17.7) | |
Calorie consumption (kcal/d), Mean ± SD | 1945.9 ± 889.7 | 1214.9 ± 480.0 | 1715.0 ± 495.0 | 2059.0 ± 606.9 | 2793.3 ± 1002.3 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), Mean ± SD | 31.3 ± 7.3 | 31.4 ± 7.4 | 31.3 ± 7.5 | 30.7 ± 6.6 | 31.9 ± 7.6 | 0.031 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 2193 (83.0) | 554 (83.9) | 551 (83.5) | 545 (82.5) | 543 (82.1) | 0.80 |
Hypercholesteremia, n (%) | 1717 (65.0) | 430 (65.2) | 447 (67.7) | 409 (61.9) | 431 (65.2) | 0.171 |
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 274 (10.4) | 80 (12.1) | 69 (10.5) | 73 (11) | 52 (7.9) | 0.073 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 763 (28.9) | 207 (31.4) | 187 (28.3) | 175 (26.5) | 194 (29.3) | 0.26 |
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 2440 (92.4) | 617 (93.5) | 611 (92.6) | 616 (93.2) | 596 (90.2) | 0.095 |
Preventive aspirin use, n (%) | 1401 (53.0) | 351 (53.2) | 353 (53.5) | 340 (51.4) | 357 (54) | 0.804 |
Lipid-lowing drugs, n (%) | 1528 (57.8) | 395 (59.8) | 386 (58.5) | 358 (54.2) | 389 (58.9) | 0.161 |
Stroke, n (%) | 202 (7.6) | 64 (9.7) | 40 (6.1) | 49 (7.4) | 49 (7.4) | 0.094 |
