Fig. 3

Joint effect of air pollutants and temperature on primary infertility (a) and secondary infertility (b). The black squares represent odds ratios, and the lines are the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Red text with asterisks indicates significant results: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001. Odds ratios, confidence intervals, and P-values were estimated by continuous increments in pollutant and temperature levels. The model adjusted for all covariates, including age, BMI, ethnicity, employment status, residential region, history of miscarriage, normalized difference vegetation index, distance from the main road, rainfall, community housing prices, building age, surrounding population density, and gross domestic product per square kilometer.