Table 4 Multivariable regression analysis of medical costs and length of stay.

From: Determinants of medical costs in patients with and without fractures using Korean Senior Cohort Study

 

Overall fractures

Hip fractures

Medical costs (thousands USD)

Length of stay (days)

Medical costs (thousands USD)

Length of stay (days)

β

SE

P

β

SE

P

β

SE

P

β

SE

P

Fracture (ref = none)

6.3

0.2

< 0.001

44.2

2.6

< 0.001

15.7

14

< 0.001

170

10.4

< 0.001

General characteristics

Male (ref = female)

1.3

0.3

< 0.001

−22.3

3.2

< 0.001

0.2

0.1

< 0.001

6.5

0.4

< 0.001

Age

0.3

0.3

< 0.001

8.2

0.3

< 0.001

1.2

0.5

0.000

-21.1

3.7

< 0.001

Disability (ref = no)

1.1

0.3

0.001

12.8

3.9

0.000

0.6

-0.3

0.181

9.3

4.7

0.045

Medical Aid (ref = NHI)

2.4

1.8

0.181

16

21

0.446

3.8

-0.8

0.107

35.6

26.7

0.183

Income decile (ref = ≤ 2nd )

3th − 5th

0.1

0.4

0.840

−6.5

4.3

0.126

      

6th − 8th

0.0

0.3

0.910

−11.3

3.8

0.000

      

9th - highest

0.3

0.3

0.271

−12.0

3.7

0.001

      

Health behavior

Alcohol use

−0.3

0.3

0.307

0.7

3.2

0.819

0

-0.6

0.991

2.5

3.7

0.488

Level of exercise

−0.7

0.2

0.001

−13.2

2.6

< 0.001

-0.8

-1.3

0.003

-14

3.1

< 0.001

Obesity

0.9

0.2

0.000

−4.7

2.7

0.083

-0.3

-1.1

0.527

-4.5

4.9

0.359

Smoking

1.8

0.3

< 0.001

16

3.5

< 0.001

1.6

0.9

< 0.001

11.8

3.9

0.003

Surgery

−0.6

0.3

0.068

−17.3

4

< 0.001

-0.4

-1.2

0.406

-12.9

4.8

0.007

Health care utilization

ED visit

−0.2

0.8

0.782

−11.3

8.8

0.203

-0.3

-2.1

0.786

-11.9

10.7

0.266

Admission

−0.1

0.5

0.810

−26.3

6.3

< 0.001

0.1

-1.2

0.876

-23.8

7.4

0.001

No.of admissions

1.9

0.3

< 0.001

44

2.9

< 0.001

1.5

1

< 0.001

38.2

3.2

< 0.001

No.of outpatient visits

0.1

0.0

< 0.001

0.5

0.1

< 0.001

0.1

0.1

< 0.001

0.4

0.1

< 0.001

Comorbidities

      

-

-

    

Hypertension

1.5

0.2

< 0.001

4.7

2.8

0.091

1.5

0.9

< 0.001

5.4

3.3

0.102

Hyperlipidemia

0.8

0.3

0.005

−5.5

3.2

0.067

0.9

0.3

0.005

-4.1

3.9

0.290

Diabetes mellitus

2.2

0.3

< 0.001

21.2

3.2

< 0.001

1.6

1

< 0.001

15.3

3.8

< 0.0001

Ischemic heart disease

−0.9

1.0

0.336

−5.7

11.2

0.613

0.6

-1.8

0.636

33.3

13.9

0.017

Cardiac failure

−0.2

1.0

0.807

22.3

11.6

0.053

-0.6

-3

0.605

-4.8

13.6

0.724

Stroke

−1.4

1.0

0.165

21.9

11.7

0.060

-0.8

-3.3

0.498

26.5

14.1

0.060

Cardiovascular disease

1.8

1.0

0.089

−1.4

12.1

0.906

1.5

-1

0.235

-0.5

14.6

0.975

Gastrointestinal disease

−0.1

0.3

0.578

−9.8

3

0.001

-0.4

-1.1

0.158

-11.5

3.6

0.001

Chronic renal disease

9.4

1.8

< 0.001

−11.9

20.3

0.559

8.6

4.5

< 0.001

-24.2

23.9

0.313

Liver disease

−0.1

0.3

0.663

−0.4

3.7

0.908

-0.3

-1

0.509

-4.2

4.4

0.343

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

0.1

0.6

0.901

−5.3

7.4

0.469

-0.1

-1.7

0.863

-5.9

8.8

0.502

Pneumonia

0.2

0.7

0.795

−5.9

7.9

0.459

0.7

-1

0.440

1.8

9.6

0.852

Asthma

−1.1

0.7

0.130

−12.3

8.2

0.134

-0.7

-2.4

0.413

-2.7

9.8

0.782

Respiratory disease

1.2

0.8

0.106

9.5

8.8

0.281

1.1

-0.7

0.219

2.6

10.6

0.802

Osteoporosis

0.3

0.4

0.442

1.7

4.9

0.731

0.4

-0.8

0.527

3.4

6.4

0.600

Arthritis

2.1

0.6

0.000

24

6.9

0.001

1.6

0.1

0.039

23.1

8.9

0.010

Muscular disease

−0.4

0.7

0.504

−13.6

7.5

0.068

0

-1.6

0.960

-15.2

9.5

0.110

Dementia

3.6

0.7

< 0.001

74.5

7.9

< 0.001

3.8

2.2

< 0.001

85.4

9.5

< 0.001

Charlson comorbidity index (ref = 0)

-

-

    

-

-

    

1

1.1

276.4

< 0.001

3

3.2

0.355

1

0.3

0.003

1.2

3.7

0.742

2

2.0

334.1

< 0.001

9.3

3.9

0.016

1.8

1

< 0.001

7.2

4.6

0.116

≥ 3

3.5

390.6

< 0.001

19.7

4.5

< 0.001

3.6

2.7

< 0.001

21.8

5.5

< 0.001

  1. SE, standard error; ref, reference; NHI: National Health Insurance; ED: Emergency department.
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