Table 1 Exact item wording and descriptive statistics.
From: The effectiveness of explainable AI on human factors in trust models
Items | λ | CR | AVE | M | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived AI explainability | 0.88 | 0.71 | |||
I will find the AI algorithms in APDs easily understandable. | 0.82 | 3.14 | 0.91 | ||
I think the AI algorithms in APDs will be interpretable. | 0.87 | 3.32 | 0.87 | ||
I think that the AI algorithms in APDs can be clearly explainable. | 0.84 | 3.37 | 0.87 | ||
Trust in ability (Engineers) | 0.88 | 0.65 | |||
Engineers are very capable of developing APDs. | 0.76 | 3.65 | 0.75 | ||
Engineers are known to be successful at developing APDs. | 0.80 | 3.55 | 0.80 | ||
I feel very confident about engineers’ skills in developing APDs. | 0.84 | 3.48 | 0.83 | ||
Engineers are well qualified to develop APDs. | 0.81 | 3.57 | 0.79 | ||
Trust in benevolence (Engineers) | 0.86 | 0.60 | |||
Engineers are very concerned about my welfare when they are developing APDs. | 0.80 | 3.43 | 0.83 | ||
My safety and privacy are very important to engineers developing APDs. | 0.73 | 3.60 | 0.84 | ||
Engineers of APDs will not knowingly do anything to harm me. | 0.75 | 3.56 | 0.78 | ||
Engineers really look out for what is important to me when developing APDs. | 0.81 | 3.50 | 0.81 | ||
Trust in integrity (Engineers) | 0.85 | 0.59 | |||
Engineers have a strong sense of ethics as they develop APDs. | 0.79 | 3.42 | 0.78 | ||
I never have to wonder whether engineers will be ethical as they develop APDs. | 0.71 | 3.30 | 0.86 | ||
I like the engineers’ values in developing APDs. | 0.77 | 3.43 | 0.77 | ||
Sound principles seem to guide engineers’ behavior in developing APDs. | 0.80 | 3.49 | 0.78 | ||
Attitude toward APDs | 0.85 | 0.53 | |||
Meaningless–Meaningful | 0.73 | 3.50 | 1.00 | ||
Tedious–Interesting | 0.67 | 3.53 | 1.02 | ||
Bad–Good | 0.79 | 3.54 | 0.95 | ||
Useless–Useful | 0.77 | 3.71 | 0.95 | ||
Time consuming–Time saving | 0.66 | 3.67 | 0.92 | ||
Use intention (Tourism) | 0.87 | 0.69 | |||
I will use APDs for touristic purposes (e.g., sight-seeing) when the technology is mature in the future. | 0.78 | 3.51 | 0.91 | ||
I will use APDs for touristic purposes (e.g., sight-seeing) often in the future. | 0.86 | 3.40 | 0.91 | ||
I will highly recommend using APDs for touristic purposes (e.g., sight-seeing) to my relatives and friends. | 0.85 | 3.30 | 0.96 | ||
Use intention (Daily commute) | 0.90 | 0.75 | |||
I will use APDs for daily commute when the technology is mature in the future. | 0.85 | 3.37 | 0.96 | ||
I will use APDs for daily commute often in the future. | 0.89 | 3.29 | 0.95 | ||
I will highly recommend using APDs for daily commute to my relatives and friends. | 0.86 | 3.22 | 0.94 | ||
Use intention (Cross-country/city travel) | 0.91 | 0.77 | |||
I will use APDs for cross-city/country travel when the technology is mature in the future. | 0.85 | 3.36 | 0.95 | ||
I will use APDs for cross-city/country travel often in the future. | 0.90 | 3.29 | 0.93 | ||
I will highly recommend using APDs for cross-city/country travel to my relatives and friends. | 0.88 | 3.28 | 0.94 | ||
Trust in performance (system; control variable) | 0.87 | 0.62 | |||
The AI system in APDs will be competent and effective at assisting in transporting people. | 0.78 | 3.51 | 0.73 | ||
The AI system in APDs will perform its role of transporting people very well. | 0.79 | 3.42 | 0.74 | ||
Overall, the AI system in APDs will be a capable and proficient means for transporting people. | 0.81 | 3.45 | 0.77 | ||
In general, the AI system in APDs will be very knowledgeable about transporting people. | 0.77 | 3.43 | 0.78 | ||
Trust in purpose (system; control variable) | 0.86 | 0.60 | |||
I believe that the AI system in APDs will operate in my best interest. | 0.80 | 3.42 | 0.82 | ||
If I require help, the AI system in APDs will do its best to help me. | 0.78 | 3.40 | 0.81 | ||
The AI system in APDs will be concerned about my well-being, not just its own. | 0.76 | 3.29 | 0.87 | ||
The AI system in APDs will be concerned about the well-being of the pedestrians on the ground. | 0.77 | 3.37 | 0.82 | ||
Trust in process (system; control variable) | 0.89 | 0.66 | |||
The AI system in APDs will be consistently truthful in its communication with me. | 0.82 | 3.41 | 0.81 | ||
I will characterize the AI system in APDs as honest. | 0.83 | 3.39 | 0.81 | ||
The AI system in APDs will be consistently sincere and genuine. | 0.83 | 3.36 | 0.81 | ||
I believe the AI system in APDs will always be concerned of my well-being. | 0.78 | 3.28 | 0.83 |
