Table1 Classification criteria for biotope.

From: Synergies and trade offs of ecological and social values across different biotopes in urban green spaces: a case study of Xi’an, China

Level 1

Land cover

Level 2

Horizontal vegetation

structure

Level 3

Surface cover types

Level 4

Vertical vegetation structure

Level 5

tree types

Green space

Open green space

(< 10% trees/shrubs)

 

Herbaceous

 
  

Shrub

 

Partly open green space

(10%-30% trees/shrubs)

 

Herbaceous

 
  

Shrub

 

Partly close green space

(30%-70% trees/shrubs)

Primarily covered

by groundcover

One-layered

Coniferous

   

Broad leaved

   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

  

Multi-layered

Coniferous

   

Broad leaved

   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

 

Primarily covered

by hardscape

One-layered

Coniferous

   

Broad leaved

   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

  

Multi-layered

Coniferous

   

Broad leaved

   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

Close green space

(> 70% trees/shrubs)

Primarily covered

by groundcover

One-layered

Coniferous

   

Broad leaved

   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

  

Multi-layered

Coniferous

   

Broad leaved

   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

 

Primarily covered

by hardscape

One-layered

Coniferous

   

Broad leaved

   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

  

Multi-layered

Coniferous

   

Broad leaved

   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

Level 1

Land cover

Level 2

Percentage of abiotic coverage

Level 3

Dominant vegetation

Level 4

Tree types

 

Grey space

60–75% abiotic

Mainly herbaceous

  
  

Mainly shrubs

  
  

Mainly trees

Coniferous

 
   

Broad leaved

 
   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

 
 

75–90% abiotic

Mainly herbaceous

  
  

Mainly shrubs

  
  

Mainly trees

Coniferous

 
   

Broad leaved

 
   

Mixed broad-leaved coniferous

 

>90% abiotic

Square

Square

Level 1

Land Cover

Level 2

Waterbody types

   

Blue space

River

   
 

Pond