Fig. 2

Effect modification by major cardiovascular and metabolic-related diseases on the association between PM2.5 and non-accidental mortality. Values are presented as relative HRs (95% CI) per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 (individuals without the disease are assigned a reference HR of 1). Mortality rate per 1,000 person-years is calculated as the total number of deaths with each disease divided by the total person-years with the disease.