Table 3 The assumed and actual scale factors of stress and strain ratios for steel reinforcement and concrete considered in the simulations.

Scale factor of stress

Steel reinforcement (\({s_{\sigma s}}\))

1.0

0.85, 1.00, 1.15

Concrete (\({s_{\sigma c}}\))

0.8

0.68, 0.80, 0.92

Strain ratio

Steel reinforcement (\({\varepsilon _{rs}}\))

1.1

0.93, 1.10, 1.27

Concrete (\({\varepsilon _{rc}}\))

1.5

1.28, 1.50, 1.73