Table 3 Research questions (synthesized from prior studies and adapted for this work).

What are the vulnerabilities of SG?

To understand SG vulnerabilities

SGs utilize what assaults and countermeasures?

To understand diverse attacks and their countermeasures.

What BC methods improve SG security?

To understand the various BC approaches used to secure SG.

What sorts of AI and ML improve SG security?

To know the different DL and ML approaches formerly employed secure SG.

What are the current challenges and potential future directions?

To know about the different sorts of open issues in this field.