Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the study population.

Numerical features (mean±SD)

Age (years)

\(56.02 \pm 8.69\)

\(54.30 \pm 8.71\)

\(<0.001\)

BMI (kg/\(\hbox {m}^2\))

\(25.52 \pm 3.15\)

\(23.67 \pm 2.86\)

\(<0.001\)

DBP (mmHg)

\(79.67 \pm 10.19\)

\(75.26 \pm 9.80\)

\(<0.001\)

SBP (mmHg)

\(124.69 \pm 15.86\)

\(120.52 \pm 14.83\)

\(<0.001\)

HbA1c (%)

\(5.93 \pm 0.33\)

\(5.53 \pm 0.32\)

\(<0.001\)

FBS (mg/dL)

\(102.54 \pm 11.22\)

\(91.19 \pm 8.94\)

\(<0.001\)

Tg (mg/dL)

\(164.17 \pm 116.06\)

\(120.39 \pm 78.79\)

\(<0.001\)

WBC (\(10^3\)/\(\mu\)L)

\(6.17 \pm 1.76\)

\(5.50 \pm 1.48\)

\(<0.001\)

ALT (IU/L)

\(29.05 \pm 17.73\)

\(21.13 \pm 12.73\)

\(<0.001\)

Cr (mg/dL)

\(0.90 \pm 0.18\)

\(0.82 \pm 0.18\)

\(<0.001\)

Waist circumference (cm)

\(87.24 \pm 8.56\)

\(80.87 \pm 8.71\)

\(<0.001\)

Categorical features (n%)

Family history of T2DM

\(<0.001\)

  No

1612 (80.64%)

25392 (83.78%)

  Yes

387 (19.36%)

4916 (16.22%)

Drinking

\(<0.001\)

  Never

821 (41.07%)

14173 (46.76%)

  Ex

102 (5.10%)

1106 (3.65%)

  Current

1076 (53.83%)

15029 (49.59%)

Exercise frequency

\(<0.001\)

  Never

1029 (51.48%)

13460 (44.41%)

  Occasionally

203 (10.16%)

3891 (12.84%)

  Regularly

767 (38.37%)

12957 (42.75%)

Sex

\(<0.001\)

  Male

1072 (53.63%)

11223 (37.03%)

  Female

927 (46.37%)

19085 (62.97%)

History of hypertension

\(<0.001\)

  No

1524 (76.24%)

25539 (84.26%)

  Yes

475 (23.76%)

4769 (15.74%)

History of hyperlipidemia

\(<0.001\)

  No

1722 (86.14%)

27050 (89.25%)

  Yes

277 (13.86%)

3258 (10.75%)

Smoking

\(<0.001\)

  Never

1110 (55.53%)

21593 (71.25%)

  Ex

469 (23.46%)

5492 (18.12%)

  Current

420 (21.01%)

3223 (10.63%)