Table 1 Definition parameters of the circular Arc element.

From: Subdivision method for rational ANCF circular elements

No.

ω

Position coordinates

Gradient coordinates

rA

rB

rxA

rxB

r1

[1, 2/3, 2/3, 1]

(0, 0)

(2, 0)

(0.41349653, 0.71619699)

(0.41349653, − 0.71619699)

r 2

[1, 1.64248828, 0.77829835, 1]

(0, 0)

(2, 0)

(0.19593666, 0.33937225)

(0.87262577, − 1.51143218)