Fig. 4
From: Beyond planar: fish schools adopt ladder formations in 3D
Fish rarely adopt diamond formations. (A) Diamond formations require a quadruple of fish satisfying conditions relating to school height (\(c_0\)), school width (\(c_1\)), streamwise separation between the fish pair on the outside (\(c_2\)), and the presence of a leader and a follower (\(c_4\)). (B) An example of the diamond formation identified by the automated algorithm. Such frames are rare in our recordings. (C) The probability distribution of other fish next to a side-by-side fish pair.
