Fig. 2

Examples of the fundus images and pathological characteristics of DR. Representative examples of fundus images and associated pathological features of diabetic retinopathy are shown in Fig. 2a and b, respectively, both derived from the Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (IDRiD)4. The microaneurysm masks in Fig. 2b were generated using ground truth annotations provided by IDRiD. To facilitate detailed inspection, a region containing a microaneurysm has been magnified eightfold in the lower right corner; however, even with such magnification, reliable identification of these minute lesions remains challenging without further visual enhancement.