Table 1 Faults of electric drive systems.

From: Long and short term fault prediction using the VToMe-BiGRU algorithm for electric drive systems

Fault type

Priority

Description

Motor Encoder Error (MEE)

High

Encoder malfunctions affecting motor speed and position accuracy.

Battery Over-discharge (BOD)

High

Battery discharged beyond safe limits, risking permanent damage.

Battery Pack Voltage Fault (BPVF)

High

Abnormal voltage in battery pack, impacting power supply stability.

Motor Gear Scratch (MGS)

Medium

Scratches on motor gears affecting power transmission.

Motor Startup Speed Abnormal (MSSA)

Medium

Abnormal speed during motor startup, indicating potential issues.

Speed Sensor Fault (SSF)

Medium

Fault in speed sensor leading to inaccurate speed feedback.

Hub Motor Speed Abnormal (HMSA)

Medium

Abnormal speed in hub motor, affecting vehicle propulsion.

Gearbox GearWear Fault (GGF)

Low

Wear on gearbox gears, gradually degrading performance.

Bearing Inner Ring Fault (BIRF)

Low

Fault in bearing inner ring, causing increased friction and vibration.